Göttingen qoʻlyozmasi

Göttingen qo‘lyozmasi — zamonaviy shaxmatga oid eng qadimgi ma’lum asar hisoblanadi. Bu lotin tilida yozilgan, 33 varaqlik matn bo‘lib, Göttingen universiteti kutubxonasida saqlanadi. Mazkur kvarto formatdagi pergament qo‘lyozmaning 1–15a varaqlari o‘n ikkita shaxmat debyutiga bag‘ishlangan, 16-varaqqa hech narsa yozilmagan, 17–31b varaqlarda esa har bir sahifada diagramma va yechimi bilan birgalikda joylashtirilgan 30 ta shaxmat masalasi mavjud. Qo‘lyozmaning muallifi va aniq yozilgan sanasi noma’lum. Uning mazmuni Lucena (Pedro Damiano da Lucena) tomonidan yozilgan “Repetición de Amores e Arte de Ajedrez con CL iuegos de partido” (taxminan 1497-yil) asariga yaqin bo‘lgani sababli, ba’zi tadqiqotchilar uni Lucenaning o‘zi yozgan yoki u foydalanilgan manbalardan biri bo‘lgan, degan taxminni ilgari surishgan. Biroq bu fikr ilmiy jihatdan to‘liq isbotlanmagan va qo‘lyozmaning Lucena asaridan qadimroq ekanligi faqat taxmin darajasida qolmoqda^[1]. Qo‘lyozmaning yozilgan sanasi sifatida 1471-yil yoki 1500–1505-yillar oralig‘i ko‘rsatilgan versiyalar mavjud^[2].

Masalalar

Ushbu qoʻlyozmadagi 30 ta masalaning barchasi Lucena asarida ham mavjud boʻlib, ulardan 24-raqamli masaladan boshqa barchasi Damiano asarida ham uchraydi.

Göttingen 5

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Oqlar 2 yurishda mot qiladi

Yechim:
1.Qb7 2.Qd5

Göttingen 18

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Oqlar 6 yurishda ikkita piyoda bilan mot qiladi

Yechim:
1.Ng4 2.Nf6 3.Ra8+ 4.Rg8+ 5.g6+ 6.d6#

Göttingen 20

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Oqlar 6 yurishda mot qiladi

Yechim:
1.Bd1+ 2.Qd7+ 3.Qd3 4.axb3+ 5.bxc4+ 6.c5#

Göttingen 24

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Oqlar 7 yurishda mot qiladi

Yechim:
1.Kd7 2.Ne5 3.Nc4 4.Na5 5.Bd4 6.a7+ or b7+ 7.b7# or a7#

Manbalar

↑ Murray 1913, s. 782, points out that the manuscript seems more advanced than the works of Lucena to which it is compared, dealing only with modern chess and making no mention of the older rules. Arte de Axedres describes the differences between the old and new rules and includes problems using the old rules, making it a work in the period of transition to modern chess. Both works share some material, although it is possible that they both were drawing on older material. A later manuscript from the 16th century repeats the openings of the Göttingen manuscript in a slightly modernised form and attributes them to Lucena. If this is correct, it suggests that the Göttingen manuscript is Lucena's later and more mature work.
↑ Dr. Fritz Clemens Görschen (1911–1981) writes in Schach Echo (1975) that King Alfonso V of Portugal had the manuscript when he visited France in the winter of 1474–5 and that it had been written in 1471 (Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 156), although Eales 1985, s. 74, brands this as speculation.

Adabiyotlar

Eales, Richard (1985), Chess, The History of a Game, B.T. Batsford, pp. 73 ff, ISBN 0-7134-4607-2
Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992], "Göttingen manuscript", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 156, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
Murray, H. J. R. (1913), A History of Chess, Oxford University Press, pp. 782–784, ISBN 0-19-827403-3

[1] Murray 1913, s. 782, points out that the manuscript seems more advanced than the works of Lucena to which it is compared, dealing only with modern chess and making no mention of the older rules. Arte de Axedres describes the differences between the old and new rules and includes problems using the old rules, making it a work in the period of transition to modern chess. Both works share some material, although it is possible that they both were drawing on older material. A later manuscript from the 16th century repeats the openings of the Göttingen manuscript in a slightly modernised form and attributes them to Lucena. If this is correct, it suggests that the Göttingen manuscript is Lucena's later and more mature work.

[2] Dr. Fritz Clemens Görschen (1911–1981) writes in Schach Echo (1975) that King Alfonso V of Portugal had the manuscript when he visited France in the winter of 1474–5 and that it had been written in 1471 (Hooper & Whyld 1996, p. 156), although Eales 1985, s. 74, brands this as speculation.

[1]

[2]