Zi Qor jangi

Sanalar	604—611
Urush yeri	Sosoniylar davlati (Zi Qor muhofazasi, Janubiy Iroq
Natija	Arablar gʻalabasi

Zi Qor jangi
Sanalar	604—611
Urush yeri	Sosoniylar davlati (Zi Qor muhofazasi, Janubiy Iroq
Natija	Arablar gʻalabasi
Raqiblar
Sosoniylar davlati	* Banu Bakr Banu Ijl; Banu Yashkur; Banu Zuhl; Banu Qays; Banu Taym ibn Saʼlabah; Abd al-Qays; Banu Tamim;
Qoʻmondonlar
Iyas ibn Qabisa at-Taiy; Hamrez at-Tasatturiy †; An-Nuʼman ibn Zaraʼa †; Xolid ibn Yazid al-Buhraniy †; Xanabarin †; Hamarz †; Hormuzon	Hani ibn Qabisa; Hanzala ibn Saʼlaba al-Ijliy; Abd Amr ibn Bashar ad-Dubaiy; Jabala ibn Bayis al-Yashkuriy; Al-Haris ibn Vaʼla az-Zuhliy; Al-Haris ibn Rabia at-Taymiy
Kuchlar
2000 fors askarlari, 3000 arablar	2000—5000
Yoʻqotishlar
Deyarli toʻliq armiya boy berildi	Minimal

Zi Qor jangi, shuningdek Tuya yelini jangi^[4], milodiy 604—611-yillar oraligʻida Janubiy Iroq hududida arab qabilalari va Sosoniylar imperiyasi oʻrtasida boʻlib oʻtgan islomgacha davrdagi jang. Mazkur jang arab-fors munosabatlarida burilish nuqtasi va Sharqiy Arabistondagi forslar hukmronligiga zarba oʻlaroq tarixda qolgan. Biroq, aslida ushbu jang oddiy toʻqnashuvdan ortiq boʻlmagan boʻlishi mumkin^[5]^[6]. Bu jang baʼzan arablarning forslarga qarshi uzoq davom etgan qoʻzgʻolonining bir qismi hisoblanadi. Mazkur qoʻzgʻolon bir necha oʻn yildan soʻng dastlabki musulmon fathlarida oʻz choʻqqisiga yetgan edi^[7].

Kelib chiqishi

VI asrda Sosoniylar imperiyasi arab hududlarida oʻz taʼsirini kengaytirish uchun foydalangan qoʻgʻirchoq arab davlati boʻlgan Laxmiylar qirolligi ustidan hukmronlik qilgan. Biroq, asr oxiriga kelganda forslar Laxmiylarni agʻdarib, hududni bevosita oʻz nazoratlariga olishga qaror qildilar. Shundan soʻng, Sosoniylar Tayy qabilasidan boʻlgan arab Iyas ibn Qabisani sobiq Laxmiy hududlariga hokim etib tayinladilar. Keyinchalik, forslar oʻzlarining yangi arab yordamchilari bilan birga janubi-gʻarbiy Iroqdan Arabiston yarim oroliga qadar yoyilgan yirik qabilalar ittifoqi Banu Bakr bilan jangga kirishdilar. Ittifoqqa aʼzo qabilalar oʻrtasida samarali hamkorlik boʻlmasa-da, bakriylar gʻalaba qozondilar. Anʼanaviy arab manbalarida forslar va arablarning yordamchi kuchlari soni mos ravishda 2000 va 3000 kishidan iborat boʻlgani taʼkidlanadi^[7].

Voqealar silsilasi

Fors manbalarida ushbu jang haqida eslatilmagan. Keyingi davr arab manbalari orqali jangning ikki xil versiyasi yetib kelgan. Ulardan biri Ibn al-Kalbiyga (vafoti 819-yil), ikkinchisi esa Maʼmar ibn al-Musannaga (boshqa nomi Abu Ubayda) tegishli. Maʼmarning rivoyati afsonaviy va ishonchlilik darajasi past deb hisoblanadi. Voqealarning Maʼmar versiyasiga koʻra, Sosoniylar imperatori Xusrav II laxmiylar hukmdori an-Nuʼmon III ibn al-Munzirni taxtdan agʻdargan. Bunga sabab, an-Nuʼmon imperatorning qiziga uylanishni rad etgani va fors ayollarini haqorat qilgani edi. Uning bu ishidan Xusrav II gʻazablanib, unga nisbatan shunday qaror qabul qilgan. Bundan tashqari, Xusrav II Banu Bakr qabilalar ittifoqining eng kuchli aʼzosi boʻlgan Banu Shaybon sardoridan laxmiy hukmdorning oilasi va sovutlarini topshirishni talab qilgan. Talabning rad etilishi esa Zi Qor jangiga sabab boʻlgan. Ibn al-Kalbiyning taʼkidlashicha, laxmiylar hukmdorining agʻdarilishi bakriylarga Eron hududiga bosqinchilik qilish imkoniyatini yaratib bergan. Fors va shayboniy hukmdorlar keyingi toʻqnashuvlarning oldini olish maqsadida oʻzaro kelishuvga erishganlar. Kelishuvga qaramay, Shayboniylar ichidagi oʻzaro raqib guruhlar bosqinchilik yurishlarini davom ettirdilar. Oqibatda forslar Shayboniylar sardorini zindonga tashladilar. Forsiylar sardorlarini qaytarish evaziga bakriylardan garovga odam berishni talab qildilar. Talab rad etilgach, mojaro yuzaga keldi. Zi Qor jangi ayni shu ziddiyatlar oqibatida sodir boʻldi^[7].

Sana

Musulmon manbalariga koʻra, jang milodiy 602-yildan 624-yilgacha boʻlgan davrda sodir boʻlgan. Biroq, Encyclopædia Iranica maʼlumotlariga asosan, zamonaviy olimlar bu vaqt oraligʻini milodiy 604—611-yillar bilan chegaralaganlar^[7].

Birlamchi manbalar

Zi Qor jangi haqidagi maʼlumotlar arab tarixi va adabiyotining koʻplab klassik asarlarida keltirilgan. Eng batafsil, ammo eng ishonchli yoki tipik hisoblanmaydigan versiya Bishr ibn Marvon al-Asadiyning Harb Bani Shayban maʼa Kisra Anushirvan (arabcha: حرب بني شيبان مع كسرى آنوشروان‎‎) nomli asarida bayon etilgan^[8].

Manbalar

↑ Ahmad, Nawawi (1976). Arab Unity and Disunity (PDF) (Thesis). University of Glasgow. 2-bet. June 2, 2020da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10 May 2021. „Despite the small number of troops involved, the decisive victory of the Arabs is seen as the beginning of a new era, since it gave the Arab tribes a new confidence and enthusiasm.“
↑ Landau-Tasseron 1995, pp. 574–575: In the Arab sources the Persian force is numbered at 2,000 soldiers, with 3,000 Arabs led by Īās b. Qabīṣa. The enemy was from the Bakr b. Wāʾel, a large tribal confederation whose territory extended from southwestern Iraq into the eastern Arabian peninsula (Donner, pp. 16-18, 28; Ṭabarī, I, pp. 1030-31; Ḥellī, pp. 410-11). The most prominent constituent tribe was Šaybān, the other groups being Banū Ejl, Banū Ḏohl, Banū Qays b. Thaʿlaba, Banū Taym-Allāh b. Thaʿlaba, and Banū Yaškor. These groups do not seem to have coordinated their efforts on the battlefield, nor did they have a single commander-in-chief. Rather, leadership seeems to have shifted among various warriors. Nevertheless, the Bakrīs defeated the combined Persian and Arab forces.
↑ Landau-Tasseron 1995, ss. 574–575.
↑ Mackintosh-Smith, Tim „On the Edge of Greatness: The Days of the Arabs“, . Arabs: A 3,000-year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires (en). Yale University Press, 2019 — 110-bet. ISBN 978-0-300-18028-2.
↑ Howard-Johnston 2021, s. 167.
↑ Webb, Peter „Dhu Qar, Battle of“, . The Oxford dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-19-174445-7.
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 Landau-Tasseron 1995.
↑ Ḥarb Banī Shaybān ma'a Kisrá Ānūshirwān, ed. by Muḥammad Jāsim Ḥammādī Mashhadānī (Baghdad: s.n., 1988; first publ. Bombay 1887); Hamad Alajmi, 'Pre-Islamic Poetry and Speech Act Theory: Al-A`sha, Bishr ibn Abi Khazim, and al-Ḥujayjah' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, 2012), p. 163.

Adabiyotlar

Bosworth, C. E. „Iran and the Arabs Before Islam“, . The Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods (1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 — 593–612-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-200929.
Howard-Johnston, James. The Last Great War of Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2021.
Landau-Tasseron, Ella (1995). "Ḏū Qār". in Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/6: Drugs–Ebn al-Aṯir. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 574–575 b. ISBN 978-1-56859-024-0. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/du-qar/.
Morony, Michael G.. Iraq After The Muslim Conquest. Gorgias Press LLC, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59333-315-7.

[1] Ahmad, Nawawi (1976). Arab Unity and Disunity (PDF) (Thesis). University of Glasgow. 2-bet. June 2, 2020da asl nusxadan (PDF) arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 10 May 2021. „Despite the small number of troops involved, the decisive victory of the Arabs is seen as the beginning of a new era, since it gave the Arab tribes a new confidence and enthusiasm.“

[FOOTNOTELandau-Tasseron1995pp._574–575:_In_the_Arab_sources_the_Persian_force_is_numbered_at_2,000_soldiers,_with_3,000_Arabs_led_by_Īās_b._Qabīṣa._The_enemy_was_from_the_Bakr_b._Wāʾel,_a_large_tribal_confederation_whose_territory_extended_from_southwestern_Iraq_into_the_eastern_Arabian_peninsula_(Donner,_pp._16-18,_28;_Ṭabarī,_I,_pp._1030-31;_Ḥellī,_pp._410-11)._The_most_prominent_constituent_tribe_was_Šaybān,_the_other_groups_being_Banū_Ejl,_Banū_Ḏohl,_Banū_Qays_b._Thaʿlaba,_Banū_Taym-Allāh_b._Thaʿlaba,_and_Banū_Yaškor._These_groups_do_not_seem_to_have_coordinated_their_efforts_on_the_battlefield,_nor_did_they_have_a_single_commander-in-chief._Rather,_leadership_seeems_to_have_shifted_among_various_warriors._Nevertheless,_the_Bakrīs_defeated_the_combined_Persian_and_Arab_forces-2] Landau-Tasseron 1995, pp. 574–575: In the Arab sources the Persian force is numbered at 2,000 soldiers, with 3,000 Arabs led by Īās b. Qabīṣa. The enemy was from the Bakr b. Wāʾel, a large tribal confederation whose territory extended from southwestern Iraq into the eastern Arabian peninsula (Donner, pp. 16-18, 28; Ṭabarī, I, pp. 1030-31; Ḥellī, pp. 410-11). The most prominent constituent tribe was Šaybān, the other groups being Banū Ejl, Banū Ḏohl, Banū Qays b. Thaʿlaba, Banū Taym-Allāh b. Thaʿlaba, and Banū Yaškor. These groups do not seem to have coordinated their efforts on the battlefield, nor did they have a single commander-in-chief. Rather, leadership seeems to have shifted among various warriors. Nevertheless, the Bakrīs defeated the combined Persian and Arab forces.

[FOOTNOTELandau-Tasseron1995574–575-3] Landau-Tasseron 1995, ss. 574–575.

[4] Mackintosh-Smith, Tim „On the Edge of Greatness: The Days of the Arabs“, . Arabs: A 3,000-year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires (en). Yale University Press, 2019 — 110-bet. ISBN 978-0-300-18028-2.

[FOOTNOTEHoward-Johnston2021167-5] Howard-Johnston 2021, s. 167.

[6] Webb, Peter „Dhu Qar, Battle of“, . The Oxford dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press, 2018. ISBN 978-0-19-174445-7.

[FOOTNOTELandau-Tasseron1995-7] 7,0 ^7,1 ^7,2 ^7,3 Landau-Tasseron 1995.

[8] Ḥarb Banī Shaybān ma'a Kisrá Ānūshirwān, ed. by Muḥammad Jāsim Ḥammādī Mashhadānī (Baghdad: s.n., 1988; first publ. Bombay 1887); Hamad Alajmi, 'Pre-Islamic Poetry and Speech Act Theory: Al-A`sha, Bishr ibn Abi Khazim, and al-Ḥujayjah' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Indiana University, 2012), p. 163.

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