Qarchigʻaysimonlar

Qarchigʻaysimonlar; Qazilma davri: Eotsendan to hozirgacha
Biologik klassifikatsiya
Olam:	Hayvonlar;
Kenja olam:	Eumetazoa;
Tip:	Xordalilar;
Kenja tip:	Umurtqalilar;
Sinf:	Qushlar;
Kenja sinf:	Yelpigʻich dumli qushlar;
Infrasinf:	Yangi tanglayli qushlar;
Turkum:	Qarchigʻaysimonlar;
Binar nomi
	Accipitriformes; Vieillot, 1816
Oilalari
	Qarchigʻaylar (Accipitridae); Baliqqiygʻirlar (Pandionidae); Mirzoqushlar (Sagittariidae);

Qarchigʻaysimonlar (lotincha: Accipitriformes) — Qushlar sinfining bir turkumi. Uzunligi 20—114 sm. Qanotlari keng; uchi panjasimon yoyiluvchan, uzoq vaqt uchishga moslashgan. Har xil muhitda yashay oladigan 217 turi maʼlum. Antarktika va Arktikadan tashqari barcha hududlarda tarqalgan. Oʻzbekiston faunasida 14 urugʻ (boltayutarlar, joʻrchilar, tasqaralar, qumoylar, burgutlar, arixoʻrlar, skopalar, sorlar, kalxatlar, boʻktargilar, qirgʻiylar, yaʼni qarchigʻaylar va boshqalar)ga mansub 32 turi uchraydi.

Taksonomiyasi va Sistematikasi

Turkum 3 hozir mavjud oilalardan va 3 yoqolib ketgan oiladan iborat^[2].

Qarchigʻaylar oilasi (Accipitridae) — 12 kenja oila, 75 urugʻ va 255 tur^[2]^[3].
Baliqqiygʻirlar (Pandionidae) — Monotip urugʻ.
Mirzoqushlar (Sagittariidae) — Monotip urugʻ.

Qushlar sistematikasida yirtqich qushlar yagona turkumi mavjud deb hisoblangan. Bir qator morfologik belgilar asosida bu turkumga qarchig‘aysimonlar, lochinsimonlar, mirzoqushlar va baliqqiyg‘irlar kiritilgan. Bu turkum turli manbalarda qarchig‘aysimonlar turkumi, lochinsimonlar turkumi yoki kunduzgi yirtqich qushlar turkumi deb atalishi mumkun edi. Lotin tilida Accipitriformes yoki Falconiformes nomlari qo‘llangan. Ko‘pchilik olimlar Amerika griflari (Cathartidae) oilasini ham ushbu turkum tarkibiga mansub deb hisoblaganlar. 2008-yildan boshlab o‘tkazilgan turli genom solishtirish tadqiqotlari, Amerika griflari, yirtqich qushlarga nisbatan, laylaklar oilasiga yaqinroq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. Lochinlar esa qarchig‘aylarga emas, balki, to‘tiqushlar va chumchuqsimonlarga yaqinroq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi va Australaves deb ataladigan qushlar guruhiga kiritildi. Qarchig‘aylar, griflar va boyqushlar esa Afroaves deb ataladigan boshqa alohida guruhga kiritildi^[4]^[5]^[6]. Natijada, an’anaviy ravishda bitta kunduzgi yirtqich qushlar turkumiga kiritib kelingan qushlar aslida uch xil turkumga mansubligi aniqlandi: qarchig‘aysimonlar (Accipitriformes), lochinsimonlar (Falconiformes) va Amerika griflari turkumi (Cathartiformes)^[7]^[8].

Kladogramma

Telluraves

Accipitrimorphae

	Cathartiformes

	Accipitriformes

	Coraciiformes

	Piciformes

	Psittaciformes

	Passeriformes

Manbalar

↑ Mayr, Gerald; Smith, Thierry (2019-03-22). „A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin“. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen (inglizcha). 291-jild, № 3. 253–281-bet. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801. S2CID 243569467.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
↑ Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (2) blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.
↑ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.
↑ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
↑ Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornberg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.
↑ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History^(ingl.) // Science : журнал. — 2008. — 2 June (vol. 320, no. 5884). — P. 1763—1768. — DOI:10.1126/science.1157704. — PMID 18583609. Архивировано 19 avgust 2013 года.
↑ Erich D. Jarvis, Siavash Mirarab, Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, Cai Li, Simon Y. W. Ho, Brant C. Faircloth, Benoit Nabholz, Jason T. Howard, Alexander Suh, Claudia C. Weber, Rute R. da Fonseca, Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, Ganesh Ganapathy, Bastien Boussau, Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid, Volodymyr Zavidovych, Sankar Subramanian, Toni Gabaldón, Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Jaime Huerta-Cepas, Bhanu Rekepalli, Kasper Munch, et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds (англ.) // Science : журнал. — 2014. — 1 December (vol. 346, no. 6215). — P. 1320—1331. — doi:10.1126/science.1253451. — PMID 25504713.

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi (2000-2005) maʼlumotlaridan foydalanilgan.

Qushlar haqidagi ushbu maqola chaladir. Siz uni boyitib, ZiyoSferaga yordam berishingiz mumkin.

[1] Mayr, Gerald; Smith, Thierry (2019-03-22). „A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin“. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen (inglizcha). 291-jild, № 3. 253–281-bet. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801. S2CID 243569467.

[:0-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2025.

[3] Catanach, T.A.; Halley, M.R.; Pirro, S. (2024). "Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 144 (2) blae028. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blae028.

[4] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; et al. (2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science. 320 (5884): 1763–68. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1763H. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. S2CID 6472805.

[5] Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.

[6] Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornberg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..569P. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.

[7] Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Marks, Ben D.; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H.; Steadman, David W.; Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki. A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History^(ingl.) // Science : журнал. — 2008. — 2 June (vol. 320, no. 5884). — P. 1763—1768. — DOI:10.1126/science.1157704. — PMID 18583609. Архивировано 19 avgust 2013 года.

[8] Erich D. Jarvis, Siavash Mirarab, Andre J. Aberer, Bo Li, Peter Houde, Cai Li, Simon Y. W. Ho, Brant C. Faircloth, Benoit Nabholz, Jason T. Howard, Alexander Suh, Claudia C. Weber, Rute R. da Fonseca, Jianwen Li, Fang Zhang, Hui Li, Long Zhou, Nitish Narula, Liang Liu, Ganesh Ganapathy, Bastien Boussau, Md. Shamsuzzoha Bayzid, Volodymyr Zavidovych, Sankar Subramanian, Toni Gabaldón, Salvador Capella-Gutiérrez, Jaime Huerta-Cepas, Bhanu Rekepalli, Kasper Munch, et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds (англ.) // Science : журнал. — 2014. — 1 December (vol. 346, no. 6215). — P. 1320—1331. — doi:10.1126/science.1253451. — PMID 25504713.

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