Shirvonshohlar davlati
Shirvonshohlar davlati | |
|---|---|
| 861–1538 | |
 1311-yildagi Kavkaz xaritasi, o‘ng tomonda Shirvon joylashgan | |
| Capital |
Shemaxa (dastlabki) Boku (keyingi) |
| Common languages |
Fors (saroy, adabiyot, sulolaviy) Arab (dastlabki sulolaviy) |
| Religion | Sunniylik Islom |
| Government | Gubernatorlik, keyinchalik monarxiya |
• 861–? |
Haysam ibn Xolid (birinchi) |
• 1535–1538 |
Shoxrux (oxirgi) |
| Historical era | O‘rta asrlar va Ilk yangi davr |
• Established |
861 |
• Disestablished |
1538 |
Shirvonshohlar davlati (shirvonshoh, soʻzma-soʻz tarjimasi — „Shirvon shohi“)[1] 861-yildan 1538-yilgacha (hozirgi Ozarbayjon hududidagi) Shirvon hukmdorlari boʻlgan. Ularning davlati oʻz davrida yoki undan koʻp oʻtmay yozilgan manbalarda Shirvon podsholigi[2] (forscha: پادشاهی شروان[3]; arabcha: مملكة شروان[4]) deb tilga olinadi. Birinchi hukmron sulola asl kelib chiqishi bilan arab, keyinchalik esa forslashgan Yazidiylar boʻlib, ular keyinroq Kasroniylar (shuningdek, Xoqoniylar deb ham atalgan) nomi bilan mashhur boʻlgan. Ikkinchi hukmron sulola esa Yazidiylar/Kasroniylarning uzoq qarindoshlari boʻlgan Darbandiylar edi.
Shirvanshohlar 861–1538-yillarda, yaʼni islom olamidagi eng uzoq umr koʻrgan sulolalardan biri sifatida hukmronlik qilganlar. Baʼzi davrlarda ular mustaqil boʻlishgan, koʻpincha esa qoʻshni imperiyalar ustuvorligini tan olishga majbur boʻlishgan. Sulola ayniqsa madaniyatni qoʻllab-quvvatlashi bilan tanilgan. Masalan, 12-asrda ularning davlati fors adabiyoti uchun markazga aylangan, bu yer Xoqoniy, Nizomiy Ganjaviy, Falakiy Shirvoniy va boshqa mashhur shoirlarning Vatani boʻlgan. 1382-yilda Shirvonshohlar taxtini Ibrohim I (h. 1382–1417) egallab, Darbandiylar sulolasi hukmronligi boshlangan.
Shirvonshohlar davlati 15-asrda, Xalilulloh I (h. 1417–1463) va Farrux Yosor (h. 1463–1500)ning uzoq yillik hukmronliklari davrida gullab-yashnadi. 1500-yilda Farrux Yosor Safaviylar yetakchisi Ismoil I qoʻshinlari tomonidan magʻlub etilib, oʻldirildi. Ismoil Shirvonshohlarni safaviylar vassali sifatida saqlab qoldi. Bu holat 1538-yilda, Shoh Tohmasp I (h. 1524–1576) Shirvonshoh Shohruxni uning doimiy sadoqatsizligi tufayli lavozimidan olguniga qadar davom etdi. Shundan soʻng Shirvon Safaviylar davlatining viloyatlaridan biriga aylantirildi va Shirvonshohlar hukmronligiga barham berildi.
Tarixi
Shirvonning oʻzagi boʻlgan hudud Kavkaz togʻ tizmasining eng sharqiy choʻqqilari hamda ulardan pastga tushib, Kur daryosi va uning irmogʻi Araz daryosi qirgʻoqlarigacha choʻzilgan yerlardan iborat edi. Shunday qilib, Shirvon janubda Muqan, shimoli-gʻarbda Shaki, gʻarbda Arron, shimolda esa Layzon[a] bilan chegaradosh boʻlgan. Shirvonshohlar oʻz tarixlari davomida Layzon, shimolda Quba, Maskat va Bob al-Abvob (Darband), janubda esa Boku ustidan ham nazorat oʻrnatishga intilganlar[6].
Shirvonshoh unvoni, islom paydo boʻlishidan avvalgi davrga borib taqaladi. Ilk musulmon geografi Ibn Xurdodbeh (913-yilda vafot etgan)ning yozishicha, birinchi Sosoniy hukmdori Ardashir I (h. 224–242) Shirvonning mahalliy hukmdoriga ushbu unvonni bergan. al-Balazuriy ham arablarning sharqiy Kavkazga qilgan birinchi yurishi chogʻida Shirvonshoh va unga qoʻshni boʻlgan Layzanshoh arab lashkarboshi Salmon ibn Rabia al-Bahiliyga (650-yilda vafot etgan) boʻysunganini qayd etadi[7][8]. Shirvonshoh atamasi boshqa shakllarda ham transliteratsiya qilinadi: masalan, Shirvon shoh[7], Sharvanshoh[9]. va Sharvonshoh[10].
Dastlabki Shirvonshohlar haqidagi maʼlum maʼlumotlarning aksariyati 17-asr Usmonli tarixchisi Munejjimboshi (1702-yilda vafot etgan)ning arab tilida yozilgan Jomiʼ ad-duval (soʻzma-soʻz tarjimasi — „Xalqlar majmuasi“) asarida saqlanib qolgan. U manba sifatida hozirda yoʻqolgan arabcha Tarix Bob al-Abvob ('Darband tarixi') kitobidan foydalangan. Bu asar rus sharqshunosi Vladimir Minorskiy tomonidan batafsil tahlil qilinib, tarjima qilingan[8].
Izohlar
- ↑ Biroq, Layzon oʻrta asr islom davrida, hatto taxminan undan avval ham Sosoniylar imperiyasi (224–651) tarkibida Shirvonning tumani sifatida xizmat qilgan[5].
Manbalar
- ↑ Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 1998 — 90-bet.
- ↑ Bretschneider 1888, s. 121.
- ↑ Majdi 1983, s. 963.
- ↑ Masudi 1863, s. 5.
- ↑ Barthold & Bosworth 1997b, s. 487.
- ↑ Bosworth 2011b.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Barthold & Bosworth 1997a, s. 488.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Bosworth 2011a.
- ↑ Minorsky 1958, s. 2.
- ↑ Vacca 2017, s. 7.
Adabiyotlar
- Amanat, Abbas „Remembering the Persianate“, . The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere. Brill, 2019 — 15–62-bet. ISBN 978-90-04-38728-7.
- Arjomand, Saïd Amir. Persianate Historical Sociology: Collected Essays. Brill, 2025. ISBN 978-9004742529.
- Babayan, Kathryn (2009). "Jonayd". in Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/1: Joči–Judeopersian communities of Iran V. Qajar period (1786-1925). London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3–5 b. ISBN 978-1-934283-14-1. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/jonayd.
- Bosworth, C. E., ed (1997a). "S̲h̲īrwān S̲h̲āh". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IX: San–Sze (2nd nashri). Leiden: E. J. Brill. 488–489 b. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/shirwan-shah-SIM_6968.
- Bosworth, C. E., ed (1997b). "S̲h̲īrwān". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IX: San–Sze (2nd nashri). Leiden: E. J. Brill. 487–488 b. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/shirwan-shah-SIM_6968.
- Bosworth, C. E.. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-231-10714-5.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2011a). "Šervānšāhs". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs.
- Bosworth, C. E. (2011b). "Šervān". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servan.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah. The Rise of Islam: The Idea of Iran Vol 4.. I.B. Tauris, 2009. ISBN 978-1845116910.
- Floor, Willem M.. Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Mage Publishers, 2008. ISBN 978-1933823232.
- Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān". Journal of Persianate Studies 9 (1): 19–44. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341296.
- Gould, Rebecca Ruth. The Persian Prison Poem. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. ISBN 978-1474484015.
- Kouymjian, Dickran. A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjan based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries. Columbia University, 1969.
- Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali. On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi. Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies, 2012. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 12-yanvar (2022-yil 14-sentyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan).
- Madelung, Wilferd „Minor dynasties of northern Iran“, . The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975 — 198–250-bet. ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- Minorsky, Vladimir. A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., 1958.
- Mitchell, Colin P.. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. I.B.Tauris, 2009. ISBN 978-0857715883.
- Riahi, Mohammad Amin (2008). "Nozhat al-majāles". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/nozhat-al-majales.
- Savory, R. M. (1985). "ʿAlī Mīrzā". in Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 868 b. ISBN 978-0-71009-097-3. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-mirza-d.
- Savory, R. M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998). "Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī". in Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 628–636 b. ISBN 978-1-56859-055-4. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esmail-i-safawi.
- Soucek, S.; Suny, R. G. (1988). "Baku". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baku-pers.
- Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram. The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand, 1976. OCLC 490638192.
- Tonoyan, Artyom (2019). "On the Caucasian Persian (Tat) Lexical Substratum in the Baku Dialect of Azerbaijani. Preliminary Notes". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 169 (2): 367–378. doi:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0367.
- Vacca, Alison. Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-1107188518.
- Akopyan, Alexander; Vardanyan, Aram (2009). "A donative dirham of the Shirwānshāh Muhammad ibn Ahmad (AH 370-81) struck in Barda'a in AH 373 (982/3)". Numismatic Chronicle: 261–267. https://www.academia.edu/735260.
- Bosworth, C. E. (1973). "The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past". Iran (Taylor & Francis) 11: 51–62. doi:10.2307/4300484. https://doi.org/10.2307/4300484.
- Blair, Sheila. The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Brill, 1992. ISBN 978-9004259577.
- Bretschneider, Emil. Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources, 1888.
- Cagman, Fílíz; Tanindi, Zeren (2011). "Selections from Jalayirid Books In the Libraries of Istanbul". Muqarnas 28: 243, Fig.24. ISSN 0732-2992. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf.
- Gould, Rebecca Ruth „Dissidence from a Distance: Iranian Politics as Viewed from Colonial Daghestan“, . The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press, 2019 — 259–278-bet.
- Majdi. زینتالمجالس, 1983.
- Masudi. مروج الذهب, 1863.