Ochiq kirish

Ochiq kirish (inglizcha: Open access, OA) — mualliflik huquqi bilan himoya qilinishi mumkin boʻlgan nashrlarni oʻquvchilarga kirish uchun toʻlovlar yoki boshqa toʻsiqlarsiz yetkazib berishni taʼminlaydigan prinsiplar va amaliyotlar majmui^[1]. Qatʼiy belgilangan ochiq kirish tushunchasi (2001-yilgi taʼrif) yoki „libre“ (erkin) modelida maxsus ochiq litsenziyalar qoʻllanilishi evaziga, asardan nusxa koʻchirish, uni qayta foydalanish va nashrdan keyin ishlatish yoʻlidagi barcha toʻsiqlar kamaytiriladi yoki butunlay bekor qilinadi^[1].

Ochiq kirish harakatining asosiy diqqat-eʼtibori taqrizdan oʻtgan ilmiy-tadqiqot adabiyotlariga, xususan, akademik jurnallarga qaratilgan^[2]. Bunga quyidagilar sabab boʻlgan:

Gazeta, jurnal va badiiy adabiyotlardan farqli oʻlaroq, bunday davriy nashrlar „davriy nashrlar inqirozi“ (obuna narxlarining haddan tashqari qimmatlashishi) muammosiga duch kelgan. Ushbu ikki guruh oʻrtasidagi asosiy farq talabning moslashuvchanligida namoyon boʻladi: ingliz adabiyoti oʻquv dasturida „Garri Potter va hikmatlar toshi“ asarini jamoat mulki hisoblangan muqobil asar, masalan, „Liliputga sayohat“ bilan almashtirish mumkin boʻlsa, hayot uchun xavfli boʻlgan urushiol moddasi bilan zaharlangan bemorni davolayotgan shoshilinch yordam berish xonasidagi shifokor ushbu mavzudagi eng soʻnggi^[3], ammo pullik tizim ortidagi sharhlovchi maqolani, 1954-yilda prednizon kashf qilinishidan oldin, yaʼni 90-yil muqaddam chop etilgan va mualliflik huquqi muddati tugagan maqola bilan almashtira olmaydi^[4].
Ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlari mualliflariga maqolalari uchun hech qanday haq toʻlanmaydi, shuning uchun ular pullik nashrlardan ochiq kirish formatidagi nashrlarga oʻtganlarida, ayniqsa, „olmosli ochiq kirish“ vositalaridan foydalanganlarida hech qanday moddiy zarar koʻrmaydilar.
Taxminan 2000-yildan buyon jurnal maqolalarini tarqatishning asosiy shakliga aylangan elektron nashriyot xarajatlari, koʻplab badiiy kitobxonlar hamon afzal koʻradigan qogʻozdagi nashr va tarqatish xarajatlariga qaraganda qiyoslab boʻlmaydigan darajada kichikdir.

Ochiq boʻlmagan (pullik) jurnallar nashr xarajatlarini obuna, sayt litsenziyalari yoki har bir koʻrish uchun toʻlov kabi kirish toʻlovlari hisobidan qoplasa, ochiq kirish formatidagi jurnallar oʻquvchidan kontentni oʻqish uchun haq talab qilmaydigan moliyalashtirish modellari bilan ajralib turadi; ular buning oʻrniga mualliflik badallari yoki davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish, subsidiyalar va homiylik mablagʻlariga tayanadi. Ochiq kirish tizimi nashr etilgan ilmiy tadqiqot natijalarining barcha shakllariga, jumladan, taqrizdan oʻtgan hamda taqrizdan oʻtmagan akademik jurnal maqolalari, konferensiya materiallari, dissertatsiyalar^[5], kitob boblari, monografiyalar^[6], tadqiqot hisobotlari va tasvirlarga nisbatan qoʻllanilishi mumkin^[7].

Xususiyatlari

Ochiq ilm-fan yoki ochiq tadqiqotlar harakatining yuzaga kelishi bir qator munozarali va qizgʻin bahslashiladigan mavzularni kun tartibiga olib chiqdi.

Akademik nashriyot sohasi turlicha qarashlar va keskin yondashuvlarni keltirib chiqarmoqda. Masalan, mualliflar maqolalarni topshirishning turli xil tizimlari bilan kurashib soatlab vaqt yoʻqotishlari, hujjat formatini koʻplab jurnallar va konferensiyalar uslublariga moslab qayta-qayta oʻzgartirishlari hamda baʼzan taqriz natijalarini oylab kutishlariga toʻgʻri keladi. Ochiq kirish va Ochiq ilm-fan/Ochiq tadqiqotlar tizimiga oʻtishning uzoq davom etayotgan hamda koʻpincha ziddiyatli kechayotgan ijtimoiy va texnologik jarayoni — xususan, Shimoliy Amerika va Yevropa boʻylab (Lotin Amerikasi 2000-yilda „Acceso Abierto“ modelini keng joriy etib boʻlgan^[8]) — qarashlarning tobora qatʼiylashishiga va katta bahs-munozaralarga sabab boʻldi^[9].

(Ochiq) akademik amaliyotlar sohasida siyosat ijrochilari hamda tadqiqotlarni moliyalashtiruvchi jamgʻarmalarning roli tobora ortib bormoqda^[10]^[11]^[12]; ular karyera oʻsishi ragʻbatlari, tadqiqotlarni baholash tizimi hamda davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan ilmiy ishlar uchun biznes modellari kabi masalalarga alohida eʼtibor qaratmoqdalar. Xususan, „Plan S“ hamda „AmeliCA^[13]“ (Lotin Amerikasi uchun ochiq bilimlar platformasi) tashabbuslari 2019 va 2020-yillarda akademik muloqot muhitida katta bahs-munozaralar toʻlqinini keltirib chiqardi^[14]^[15].

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Suber, Peter „Open Access Overview“. 2007-yil 19-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 29-noyabr.
↑ Swan, Alma „Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access“. UNESCO (2012). 2019-yil 14-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 14-aprel.
↑ "Elder B. Plant Dermatitis". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 42 (3): 613–638. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001. PMID 38925778. https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract.
↑ "The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy". Journal of the American Chemical Society 56 (12): 2736–2738. 1934. doi:10.1021/ja01327a064. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064.
↑ Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Hélène (2013). "Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations". ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies 6 (2(12)): 65–86. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20140101042356/http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214. Qaraldi: 2026-06-16. Ochiq kirish]]
↑ Schwartz, Meredith (2012). "Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231707/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/. Qaraldi: 2026-06-16. Ochiq kirish]]
↑ „Terms and conditions for the use and redistribution of Sentinel data“. European Space Agency (2014-yil iyul). 2020-yil 8-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 28-iyun.
↑ „Hecho En Latinoamérica. Acceso Abierto, Revistas Académicas e Innovaciones Regionales“. 2020-yil 6-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 31-avgust.
↑ Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018). "The (ir)rational consideration of the cost of science in transition economies". Nature Human Behaviour 2 (1): 5. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0281-4. PMID 30980055.
↑ Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Schmidt, Birgit; Kramer, Bianca (2018). "Are Funder Open Access Platforms a Good Idea?". SAGE Open 8 (4). doi:10.1177/2158244018816717.
↑ Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe; Boivin, Jade; Gargouri, Yassine; Larivière, Vincent; Harnad, Stevan (2016). "Estimating Open Access Mandate Effectiveness: The MELIBEA Score". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67 (11): 2815–2828. doi:10.1002/asi.23601. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370203/1/MelibeaFIN4.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2019. Ochiq kirish]]
↑ Future of Scholarly Publishing and Scholarly Communication: Report of the Expert Group to the European Commission.. Publications Office of the European Union, 30 January 2019. ISBN 978-92-79-97238-6. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 28-avgust (2019-yil 3-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan).
↑ Aguado-López, Eduardo; Becerril-Garcia, Arianna „AmeliCA before Plan S – The Latin American Initiative to develop a cooperative, non-commercial, academic led, system of scholarly communication“. Impact of Social Sciences (2019-yil 8-avgust). 2019-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 26-noyabr.
↑ Johnson, Rob (2019). "From Coalition to Commons: Plan S and the Future of Scholarly Communication". Insights: The UKSG Journal 32. doi:10.1629/uksg.453.
↑ Pourret, Olivier; Irawan, Dasapta Erwin; Tennant, Jonathan P.; Hursthouse, Andrew; Van Hullebusch, Eric D. (2020-09-01). "The growth of open access publishing in geochemistry". Results in Geochemistry 1. doi:10.1016/j.ringeo.2020.100001. ISSN 2666-2779. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666277920300010.

Adabiyotlar

Darnton, Robert, "The Dream of a Universal Library" (review of Peter Baldwin, Athena Unbound: Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free for All, MIT Press, 2023, 405 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXX, no. 20 (21 December 2023), pp. 73–74. Reviewer Darnton writes: "Baldwin warns: journal publishers are gouging their customers, scholarly monographs reach a tiny audience, libraries are floundering under budget pressures, academics are pursuing careers rather than truth, and readers are not getting all the information they deserve." (p. 74.) Writes Darnton: "Most scientific research is subsidized by the federal government." Under a 2022 White House directive, "As of December 31, 2025, all agencies... must require immediate open access... The G7 leaders took a similar stand on May 14, 2023, as did the European Council on May 23. The tide is turning in favor of unrestricted access, but the countervailing forces are so complex that the future remains cloudy." (p. 73.)
Suber, Peter. Open access, The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-262-51763-8. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-oktyabr.
Kirsop, Barbara, and Leslie Chan. (2005) Transforming access to research literature for developing countries. Serials Reviews, 31(4): 246–255.
Laakso, Mikael; Welling, Patrik; Bukvova, Helena; Nyman, Linus; Björk, Bo-Christer; Hedlund, Turid (2011). "The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009". PLOS ONE 6 (6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020961. PMID 21695139. PMC 3113847. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3113847.
Hajjem, C.; Harnad, S; Gingras, Y. (2005). "Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How It Increases Research Citation Impact". IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin 28 (4): 39–47. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/.
Tötösy; de Zepetnek, S.; Joshua, Jia (2014). "Electronic Journals, Prestige, and the Economics of Academic Journal Publishing". CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 16 (1): 2014. doi:10.7771/1481-4374.2426.
"Open and Shut?" Blog on open access by Richard Poynder, a freelance journalist, who has done a series of interviews with a few of the leaders of the open access movement.
Mietchen, Daniel „Wikimedia and Open Access — a rich history of interactions“. Wikimedia Blog. Wikimedia Foundation (2014-yil 15-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 10-yanvar.
Okerson, Ann; O'Donnell, James (Eds.). Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, June 1995. ISBN 978-0-918006-26-4. .
Willinsky, John. The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-262-51266-4 (2013-yil 5-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan).
„Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications“. United Kingdom: Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings (2012). 2012-yil 19-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 15-iyul.
In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing
Glyn Moody „Open access: All human knowledge is there—so why can't everybody access it?“. Ars Technica (2016-yil 17-iyun). Qaraldi: 2016-yil 20-iyun.

Havolalar

OAD (Wayback Machine saytida 2008-10-11 sanasida arxivlangan): Open Access Directory, an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by Peter Suber and Robin Peek). OCLC 757073363. Published by Simmons School of Library and Information Science in US.
OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association, a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs
OATP: Open Access Tracking Project, a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). OCLC 1040261573
GOAP: UNESCO's Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world"

[suber_overview-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Suber, Peter „Open Access Overview“. 2007-yil 19-mayda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2014-yil 29-noyabr.

[:0-2] Swan, Alma „Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access“. UNESCO (2012). 2019-yil 14-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 14-aprel.

[3] "Elder B. Plant Dermatitis". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 42 (3): 613–638. 2024. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001. PMID 38925778. https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract.

[4] "The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy". Journal of the American Chemical Society 56 (12): 2736–2738. 1934. doi:10.1021/ja01327a064. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064.

[5] Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Hélène (2013). "Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations". ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies 6 (2(12)): 65–86. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20140101042356/http://www.essachess.com/index.php/jcs/article/view/214. Qaraldi: 2026-06-16. Ochiq kirish]]

[6] Schwartz, Meredith (2012). "Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live". Library Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231707/http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2012/04/academic-libraries/directory-of-open-access-books-goes-live/. Qaraldi: 2026-06-16. Ochiq kirish]]

[esatc-7] „Terms and conditions for the use and redistribution of Sentinel data“. European Space Agency (2014-yil iyul). 2020-yil 8-fevralda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 28-iyun.

[Alperin_2015-8] „Hecho En Latinoamérica. Acceso Abierto, Revistas Académicas e Innovaciones Regionales“. 2020-yil 6-avgustda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 31-avgust.

[9] Vuong, Quan-Hoang (2018). "The (ir)rational consideration of the cost of science in transition economies". Nature Human Behaviour 2 (1): 5. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0281-4. PMID 30980055.

[Ross-Hellauer_2018-10] Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Schmidt, Birgit; Kramer, Bianca (2018). "Are Funder Open Access Platforms a Good Idea?". SAGE Open 8 (4). doi:10.1177/2158244018816717.

[Vincent‐Lamarre_2016-11] Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe; Boivin, Jade; Gargouri, Yassine; Larivière, Vincent; Harnad, Stevan (2016). "Estimating Open Access Mandate Effectiveness: The MELIBEA Score". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology 67 (11): 2815–2828. doi:10.1002/asi.23601. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/370203/1/MelibeaFIN4.pdf. Qaraldi: 28 August 2019. Ochiq kirish]]

[Union_2019-12] Future of Scholarly Publishing and Scholarly Communication: Report of the Expert Group to the European Commission.. Publications Office of the European Union, 30 January 2019. ISBN 978-92-79-97238-6. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 28-avgust (2019-yil 3-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan).

[13] Aguado-López, Eduardo; Becerril-Garcia, Arianna „AmeliCA before Plan S – The Latin American Initiative to develop a cooperative, non-commercial, academic led, system of scholarly communication“. Impact of Social Sciences (2019-yil 8-avgust). 2019-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 26-noyabr.

[Johnson_2019-14] Johnson, Rob (2019). "From Coalition to Commons: Plan S and the Future of Scholarly Communication". Insights: The UKSG Journal 32. doi:10.1629/uksg.453.

[15] Pourret, Olivier; Irawan, Dasapta Erwin; Tennant, Jonathan P.; Hursthouse, Andrew; Van Hullebusch, Eric D. (2020-09-01). "The growth of open access publishing in geochemistry". Results in Geochemistry 1. doi:10.1016/j.ringeo.2020.100001. ISSN 2666-2779. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666277920300010.

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