Muhammadning ahdnomasi

Muhammadning ashtinamesi, shuningdek, Muhammadning ahdnomasi yoki Muhammadning vasiyatnomasi deb ham atalib, islom paygʻambari Muhammad tomonidan Sinay yarim orolida joylashgan Avliyo Katerina monastiri rohiblariga berilgan. Ushbu nizom yoki hujjatda nasroniylarga himoya va boshqa imtiyozlar berilishi belgilangan. Hujjat Muhammadning qoʻl izini ifodalovchi muhr bilan tasdiqlangan^[1].

Ashtinameh (forscha: آشتی نامه‎‎) fors tilidagi ibora boʻlib, „yarashuv xati“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi va shartnoma yoki ahdnoma maʼnosida qoʻllaniladi^[2].

Tarix

Rohiblar anʼanasiga koʻra, Muhammad monastirga tez-tez kelib turgan hamda Sinay otalari bilan yaqin munosabatlar va suhbatlar olib borgan^[3].

Tarixiy tasdiqlangan bir nechta nusxa Avliyo Ketrin kutubxonasida namoyish etilgan; ularning ayrimlari tarixiy haqiqiyligini tasdiqlash uchun islom qozilari tomonidan guvohlantirilgan. Rohiblar Usmonlilarning Misrni bosib olishi vaqtida, Usmonlilar—Mamluklar urushi (1516–17) chogʻida, asl hujjat monastirdan usmonli askarlari tomonidan tortib olinib, asrab qoʻyish uchun sulton Salim Ining Istanbuldagi saroyiga olib ketilganini taʼkidlashadi^[1]^[4]. Shundan soʻng monastirdagi yoʻqotish oʻrnini qoplash uchun uning nusxasi tayyorlangan^[1]. Arxivdagi boshqa hujjatlar ham xartiya yangi hukmdorlar davrida yangilanganini koʻrsatadi^[5]. Monastirga nisbatan koʻrsatilgan bagʻrikenglik haqidagi rivoyatlar Qohirada chiqarilgan hukumat hujjatlarida qayd etilgan va usmonlilar hukmronligi davrida (1517–1798) Misr poshosi har yili uning himoya kafolatlarini qayta tasdiqlab turgan^[1].

1916-yilda Naʼum Shuqayr Ashtinamaning arabcha matnini oʻzining Tarikh Sina al-qadim yoki Qadimgi Sinay tarixi asarida chop etdi. Arabcha matn nemischa tarjimasi bilan birga 1918-yilda Bernhard Moritzning Beiträge zur Geschichte des Sinai-Klosters asarida ikkinchi bor nashr qilingan.

1630-yilda Gabriel Sionita tomonidan arabcha va lotincha chop etilgan Testamentum et pactiones inter Mohammedem et Christianae fidei cultores dunyo nasroniylari va Muhammad oʻrtasida tuzilgan ahdni ifodalaydi. Bu Ashtinamening nusxasi emas.

Ashtinamening kelib chiqishi bir qator turli rivoyatlarning mavzusi boʻlib kelgan; u eng koʻp monastirga tashrif buyurgan yevropalik sayohatchilar xabarlaridan maʼlum^[1]. Bu mualliflar qatoriga fransuz ritsari Greffin Affagart (vafoti taxm. 1557), fransuz sayohatchisi Jean de Thévenot (vafoti 1667) hamda ingliz ruhoniysi Richard Peacocke kiradi^[1]; u matnning inglizcha tarjimasini ham kiritgan.

Haqiqiyligi

Koʻplab ilk yangi davr olimlari asarning haqiqiyligini qabul qilgan, jumladan Franciscus Quaresmius, Balthasar de Monconys va Kara Mustafa Pasha^[6]^[7]. Zamonaviy ulamoi John Andrew Morrow ham hujjatning haqiqiyligiga ishonadi; u hujjat koʻplab islomiy manbalarda, jumladan ming yildan ortiq vaqt davomidagi xalifalar va sultonlar hujjatlarida soʻzma-soʻz takrorlanganini taʼkidlaydi^[8]^[9]^[10]. Biroq 19-asrdan beri Ashtinamening bir nechta jihatlari, xususan guvohlar roʻyxati, ayrim olimlar tomonidan shubha ostiga olingan^[11]; baʼzilari klassik islom matnlarida bunday hujjatlarga ishora yoʻqligini qayd etgan^[12]. U Yaqin Sharqdagi boshqa diniy jamoalarga berilgan hujjatlar bilan oʻxshashliklarga ega. Bunga bir misol — Muhammadning Najron nasroniylariga yozilgan, goʻyoki unga tegishli maktubi: u ilk bor 878-yilda Iroqdagi bir monastirda maʼlum boʻlgan va uning matni Sirt xronikasida saqlangan^[1].

Zamonaviy taʼsiri

Baʼzilarning fikricha, Ashtiname musulmonlar va nasroniylar oʻrtasida koʻpriklar qurish uchun manba boʻlishi mumkin. Masalan, 2009-yilda The Washington Post sahifalarida Muqtedar Xon^[13] hujjatni to‘liq tarjima qilib, shunday deya bahslashgan:

Musulmonlar va nasroniylar orasida nifoq qoʻzgʻatmoqchi bo‘lganlar ajratib turadigan masalalarga e’tibor qaratib, ziddiyat nuqtalarini bo‘rttiradilar. Ammo Muhammadning nasroniylarga bergan va’dasi kabi manbalar esga olinib, ta’kidlanganda, ko‘priklar quriladi. Bu musulmonlarni jamoaviy toqatsizlikdan yuksalishga ilhomlantiradi va Islom yoki musulmonlardan qo‘rqib yashayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan nasroniylarda ezgu niyatni uyg‘otadi^[13].

2018-yilda Pokistondagi Asia Bibi kufr ishi bo‘yicha yakuniy sud hukmida ahdnoma tilga olingan. Unda Noreenga ayblov qo‘yganlardan biri Muhammadning Ashtinamasini buzgan, ya’ni “VII asrda Muhammad nasroniylar bilan tuzgan, ammo bugun ham amal qiladigan ahd” ekani aytilgan^[14]. 2019-yilda Pokistonning sobiq bosh vaziri Imron Xon World Government Summitda qilgan nutqida ahdnomani eslatgan^[15].

Yana qarang

Manbalar

Iqtiboslar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 ^1,6 Ratliff, „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate.“
↑ Dehghani, Mohammad: 'Āshtīnāmeh' va 'Tovāreh', do loghat-e mahjur-e Fārsi dar kuh-e sinā (Wayback Machine saytida August 11, 2014, sanasida arxivlangan). in 'Ayandeh' magazine. 1368 Hš. p. 584.
↑ „Mohammed and the Holy Monastery of Sinai“. 2013-yil 13-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 9-sentyabr.
↑ Lafontaine-Dosogne, „Le Monastère du Sinaï: creuset de culture chrétiene (Xe-XIIIe siècle)“, p. 105.
↑ Atiya, „The Monastery of St. Catherine and the Mount Sinai Expedition“. p. 578.
↑ Morrow, John Andrew. The Islamic Interfaith Initiative: no fear shall be upon them, 2021 — 335-bet. ISBN 978-1-5275-7482-3. OCLC 1277138744.
↑ „Dr. John Andrew Morrow“. Muhammad (pbuh) - Prophet of Islam (2015-yil 27-yanvar). 2022-yil 13-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 9-oktyabr.
↑ Morrow, John Andrew „The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad Continue to Cause Controversy“ (en-US). Maydan (2019-yil 16-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 4-sentyabr.
↑ Islām and the People of the Book Volumes 1-3: Critical Studies on the Covenants of The Prophet (en). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5275-9876-8.
↑ Andrew Morrow, John. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World (en). New York: Angelico Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1597314657.
↑ Ratliff, „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate“, note 9. Ratliff refers to Mouton, „Les musulmans à Sainte-Catherine au Moyen Âge“, p. 177.
↑ Sanni, Amidu Olalekan. (2015). The Covenants of the Prophet Muḥammad with the Christians of the World. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 35(4), 589–592. doi:10.1080/13602004.2015.1112122
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 Khan, Muqtedar (December 30, 2009), „Muhammad's promise to Christians“, The Washington Post, January 18, 2010da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 December 2012
↑ Asif Aqeel. „Pakistan Frees Asia Bibi from Blasphemy Death Sentence“ (en). Christianity Today (2018-yil 31-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 31-oktyabr.
↑ Insaf.pk. „PM Imran Khan Speech at 100 Days Performance of Punjab government“ (ur) (2018-yil 22-dekabr). 2018-yil 24-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 23-dekabr.

Adabiyotlar

Ratliff, Brandie. „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate.“ Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation (2008) (archived).
Haddad, Anton F., trans. Nazareniy izdoshlarga Paygʻambar Muhammadning qasamyodi. New York: Board of Counsel, 1902; H-Bahai: Lansing, MI: 2004.
Atiya, Aziz Suryal. „The Monastery of St. Catherine and the Mount Sinai Expedition.“ Amerika falsafiy jamiyati materiallari 96.5 (1952). pp. 578–86.
Lafontaine-Dosogne, Jacqueline. „Le Monastère du Sinaï: creuset de culture chrétiene (Xe-XIIIe siècle).“ In East and West in the Crusader states. Context — Contacts — Confrontations. Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 1993, ed. Krijnie Ciggaar, Adelbert Davids, Herman Teule. Vol 1. Louvain: Peeters, 1996. pp. 103–129.

Birlamchi adabiyotlar

Ahdnomaning arabcha nashrlari

Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Kettering, OH: Angelico Press / Sophia Perennis, 2013.
Amarah, Muhammad. al-Islam wa al-akhar. Maktabah ash-Sharq ad-Dawliyyah, 2002.
Moritz, Bernhard. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Sinai-Klosters im Mittelalter nach arabischen Quellen. Berlin, Verlag der königl. Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 1918. (archive.org)
Shuqayr, Naʼum. Tarikh Sina al-qadim wa al-hadith was jughrafiyatuha, maʼa khulasat tarikh Misr wa ash-Sham wa al-‘Iraq wa Jazirat al-‘Arab wa ma kana baynaha min al-‘alaʼiq al-tijariyyah wa al-harbiyyah wa ghayriha ‘an tariq Sinaʼ min awwal ‘ahd al-tarikh il al-yawm. [al-Qahirah]: n.p., 1916.

Ahdnomaning ingliz, fransuz va nemischa tarjimalari

Thévenot, Jean de. Relation d’un voyage fait au Levant. Paris, L. Billaine, 1665.
Pococke, Richard. 'Chapter XIV: The Patent of Mahomet, which he granted to the Monks of Mount Sinai; and to Christians in General.' Sharq tavsifi. Vol. 1. London, 1743. pp. 268–70.
Arundale, Francis. Illustrations of Jerusalem and Mount Sinai. London: Henry Colburn, 1837.28–29
Davenport, John. An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran. London: J. Davy and Sons, 1869. 147–151.
Naufal, Naufal Effendi. [Translation from Turkish into Arabic completed prior to 1902].
Moritz, Bernhard. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Sinai-Klosters im Mittelalter nach arabischen Quellen. Berlin, Verlag der königl. Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 1918. (archive.org)
Affagart, Greffin. Relation de Terre Sainte, ed. J. Chavanon. Paris: V. Lecoffre, 1902. (archive.org)
Haddad, Anton F., trans. Nazareniy izdoshlarga Paygʻambar Muhammadning qasamyodi. New York: Board of Counsel, 1902; H-Bahai: Lansing, MI: 2004.
Skrobucha, Heinz. Sinai. London: Oxford University Press, 1966.58.
Hobbs, Joseph J. Mount Sinai. Austin: University of Austin Press, 1995. 158–61.
Morrow, John Andrew. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Tacoma, WA: Angelico Press / Sophia Perennis, 2013.

Ikkilamchi adabiyotlar

Atiya, Aziz Suryal. The Arabic Manuscripts of Mount Sinai: A Handlist of the Arabic Manuscripts and Scrolls Microfilmed at the Library of the Monastery of St. Catherine, Mount Sinai. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1955.
Atiya, Aziz Suryal. „The Monastery of St. Catherine and the Mount Sinai Expedition.“ Amerika falsafiy jamiyati materiallari 96.5 (1952). pp. 578–86.
Hobbs, J.. Mount Sinai. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995 — 158–61-bet. ISBN 9780292730915.
Lafontaine-Dosogne, Jacqueline. „Le Monastère du Sinaï: creuset de culture chrétiene (Xe-XIIIe siècle).“ In East and West in the Crusader states. Context — Contacts — Confrontations. Acta of the congress held at Hernen Castle in May 1993, ed. Krijnie Ciggaar, Adelbert Davids, Herman Teule. Vol 1. Louvain: Peeters, 1996. pp. 103–129.
Sinai: Treasures of the Monastery of Saint Catherine Manaphis, K.A.: , Athens, 1990 — 14, 360–1, 374-bet.
Moritz, B. (1918). "Beitrage zur Geschichte des Sinai-Klosters im Mittelalter nach arabischen Quellen". Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie. https://archive.org/stream/beitrgezurgesc00moriuoft#page/n0/mode/1up.
Moritz (1928). "none". Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 4: 6–8.
Mouton, Jean-Michel (1998). "Les musulmans à Sainte-Catherine au Moyen Âge". Le Sinai durant l'antiquité et le moyen âge. 4000 ans d'histoire pour un desert. Paris: Editions Errance. 177–82 b.
; Christou, P. C.; Tsioumis, Ch.; Kadas, S. N.The Treasures of Mount Athos [Series A]: Illuminated manuscripts, Athens, 1974–1975. Nusxasi Simonopetra monastirida, p. 546.
Ratliff, Brandie. „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate.“ Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation (2008) (archived).
Sotiriou, G. and M.. Icones du Mont Sinaï, 2 vols (plates and texts). Collection de L'Institut francais d'Athènes 100 and 102, Athens, 1956–58 — 227–8-bet.
Vryonis, S. (1981). "The History of the Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem as Reflected in Codex Patriarchus No. 428, 1517–1805". Vizantiya va zamonaviy yunon tadqiqotlari 7: 29–53. doi:10.1179/030701381806931532.

Havolalar

[Ratliff-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 ^1,3 ^1,4 ^1,5 ^1,6 Ratliff, „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate.“

[2] Dehghani, Mohammad: 'Āshtīnāmeh' va 'Tovāreh', do loghat-e mahjur-e Fārsi dar kuh-e sinā (Wayback Machine saytida August 11, 2014, sanasida arxivlangan). in 'Ayandeh' magazine. 1368 Hš. p. 584.

[3] „Mohammed and the Holy Monastery of Sinai“. 2013-yil 13-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 9-sentyabr.

[4] Lafontaine-Dosogne, „Le Monastère du Sinaï: creuset de culture chrétiene (Xe-XIIIe siècle)“, p. 105.

[5] Atiya, „The Monastery of St. Catherine and the Mount Sinai Expedition“. p. 578.

[6] Morrow, John Andrew. The Islamic Interfaith Initiative: no fear shall be upon them, 2021 — 335-bet. ISBN 978-1-5275-7482-3. OCLC 1277138744.

[7] „Dr. John Andrew Morrow“. Muhammad (pbuh) - Prophet of Islam (2015-yil 27-yanvar). 2022-yil 13-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 9-oktyabr.

[8] Morrow, John Andrew „The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad Continue to Cause Controversy“ (en-US). Maydan (2019-yil 16-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 4-sentyabr.

[9] Islām and the People of the Book Volumes 1-3: Critical Studies on the Covenants of The Prophet (en). Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. ISBN 978-1-5275-9876-8.

[10] Andrew Morrow, John. The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World (en). New York: Angelico Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1597314657.

[11] Ratliff, „The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate“, note 9. Ratliff refers to Mouton, „Les musulmans à Sainte-Catherine au Moyen Âge“, p. 177.

[12] Sanni, Amidu Olalekan. (2015). The Covenants of the Prophet Muḥammad with the Christians of the World. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 35(4), 589–592. doi:10.1080/13602004.2015.1112122

[khan09-13] 13,0 ^13,1 Khan, Muqtedar (December 30, 2009), „Muhammad's promise to Christians“, The Washington Post, January 18, 2010da asl nusxadan arxivlandi, qaraldi: 1 December 2012

[Aqeel2018-14] Asif Aqeel. „Pakistan Frees Asia Bibi from Blasphemy Death Sentence“ (en). Christianity Today (2018-yil 31-oktyabr). Qaraldi: 2018-yil 31-oktyabr.

[IK2K182-15] Insaf.pk. „PM Imran Khan Speech at 100 Days Performance of Punjab government“ (ur) (2018-yil 22-dekabr). 2018-yil 24-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2018-yil 23-dekabr.

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