Jaz asri

Jaz davri
1920-yillar—1930-yillar
Yuqaridan pastga, soat yoʻnalishi boʻyicha: King & Carter Jazzing Orchestra (1921) Bessie Smith (1936) Charleston raqsi (1925) Fate Marablening Nyu-Orlean orkestri (taxm. tax. 1918) Tales of the Jazz Age (1922)
Joylashuv	Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari va Yevropa
Qamrovi	madaniy va ijtimoiy tarix
Xronologiya Birinchi jahon urushi davri Buyuk depressiya davri

Jaz asri – bu 1920-yillardan 1930-yillarning boshlarigacha boʻlgan davr boʻlib, unda jaz musiqasi va raqs uslublari butun dunyo boʻylab mashhurlikka erishgan. Uning madaniy taʼsiri, avvalo, jazning vatani Qoʻshma Shtatlarda kuchli sezilgan. Asosan afro-amerikaliklar madaniyatidan kelib chiqqan va Yangi Orleanda paydo boʻlgan jaz, ushbu davrda keng koʻlamli madaniy oʻzgarishlarda muhim rol oʻynadi hamda uning ommaviy madaniyatga taʼsiri uzoq vaqt davom etdi.

Jaz asri ko‘pincha Shiddatli yigirmanchi yillar bilan birga tilga olinadi va Quruq qonun davri bilan sezilarli darajada madaniyatlararo o‘xshashlikka ega. Bu davrning rivojlanishiga mamlakat bo‘ylab radiotarmoqlarning keng joriy etilishi katta ta’sir ko‘rsatdi. Jaz asri, ayni paytda, rivojlanayotgan yoshlar madaniyatining shakllanishi bilan chambarchas bog‘liq edi. Shu harakat tufayli jaz madaniyati Yevropaga ham kirib bordi. Jaz asri Sving davri boshlanishidan oldin yakun topgan.

Tarixiy sharoiti

„Jaz asri“ atamasi 1920-yilgacha xalq orasida allaqachon ishlatila boshlangan edi. 1922-yilda amerikalik yozuvchi F. Scott Fitzgerald ushbu atamani yanada mashhur qildi. U „Jaz asri ertaklari“ (Tales of the Jazz Age) nomli hikoyalar toʻplamini nashr ettirdi.

Jaz musiqasi

Asosiy maqola: Jaz

Jaz – 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida AQShning Luiziana shtatidagi Yangi Orlean shahrining qora tanli amerikalik jamoalarida paydo bo‘lgan va blyuz hamda regtaym ildizlaridan rivojlangan musiqa janridir. Yangi Orlean ko‘plab madaniyat va e’tiqodlar tutashgan port shahri bo‘lgani sababli, jaz rivojlanishi uchun zarur madaniy muhitni yaratdi. Yangi Orleanda turli madaniyat va irqlarga mansub odamlar ko‘pincha yonma-yon yashagani sababli, madaniy almashinuv kuchli bo‘lgan. Bu esa shaharda faol musiqiy muhitni rivojlantirishga yordam berdi. Yangi Orleanda jazning rivojlanishiga kreol musiqasi, regtaym va blyuz ta’sir ko‘rsatdi.

Ko‘pchilik uchun jaz “Amerikaning klassik musiqasi” hisoblanadi. 1920-yillarning boshlarida Yangi Orlean, Chikago va Nyu-Yorkda paydo bo‘lgan dastlabki jaz uslublari ba’zan “diksilend jaz” deb ataladi. 1920-yillarda jaz musiqiy ifodaning asosiy shakli sifatida tan olindi. U mustaqil, lekin o‘zaro bog‘liq bo‘lgan an’anaviy va ommabop uslublarda rivojlandi. Ularning barchasi afro-amerikalik va yevropa-amerikalik musiqiy an’analarining uyg‘unlashuvidan kelib chiqqan edi. Jaz Afrika an’analaridan o‘zining ritmini, “blyuz”ni va o‘ziga xos ifodali tarzda chalish yoki kuylash an’analarini oldi. Yevropa an’analaridan esa garmoniyasi va cholg‘u asboblarini o‘zlashtirdi.

Armstrong Lui Daniel improvizatsion yakkaxonlikni asarning markaziga olib chiqib, Yangi Orlean jazining asl polifonik ansambl uslubini o‘zgartirdi. Jaz odatda sving va blyuz notalari, chaqiriq va javob vokallari, poliritmlar va improvizatsiya bilan ajralib turadi.

Tanqidlar

Bu davrda jaz axloqsizlik ramzi sifatida tanila boshladi va keksa avlodning ko‘pchiligi uni eski madaniy qadriyatlarga tahdid soluvchi hamda 20-yillarning yangi buzuq qadriyatlarini targ‘ib qiluvchi hodisa deb hisoblardi. Prinston universiteti professori Henry van Dyke shunday yozgan edi: “Bu umuman musiqa emas. Bu shunchaki eshitish asablarini qitiqlovchi, jismoniy ehtiros torlarini erkalovchi bir ta’sir xolos”. O‘sha yillardagi ommaviy axborot vositalari ham jazni salbiy tarzda yoritdi. Masalan, The New York Times 1920-yillarda jazni G‘arb sivilizatsiyasi tanazzulining, italiyalik tenorlar ijrosi sifatining pasayishining, hatto Vengriya bilan savdo muvozanati yomonlashuvi, bir klassik musiqachining yurak xurujidan o‘limi hamda Sibir ayig‘ining qo‘rqib ketishi kabi turli oqibatlar uchun ayblagan edi.

Mavzuga oid adabiyotlar

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Adabiyotlar

• Allen, Frederick Lewis. Only Yesterday: An Informal History of the Nineteen-Twenties, 1st, New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1931. 
• Allen, Frederick Lewis. Since Yesterday: The 1930s in America. New York: Harper and Row, 1939. 
• Dinerstein, Joel (2003). "Music, Memory, and Cultural Identity in the Jazz Age". American Quarterly (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press) 55 (2): 303–313. doi:10.1353/aq.2003.0012. https://archive.org/details/sim_american-quarterly_2003-06_55_2/page/302. 
• Doerksen, Clifford J.. American Babel: Rogue Radio Broadcasters of the Jazz Age. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8122-0176-5. 
• Dumenil, Lynn. The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s. New York: Hill and Wang, 1995. ISBN 0-8090-1566-8. 
• Fitzgerald, F. Scott „Echoes of the Jazz Age“, . The Crack-up. New York: New Directions, 1945 — 13–22-bet. ISBN 0-8112-0051-5.  See The Crack-Up.
• Kyvig, David E.. Daily Life in the United States, 1920–1939: Decades of Promise and Pain. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0-313-29555-7. 
• Leuchtenburg, William. The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–1932. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1958. ISBN 0-226-47368-6. 
• Lynd, Robert S.; Lynd, Helen Merrell. Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1929. 
• Mowry, George E.. The Twenties: Fords, Flappers, & Fanatics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963. 
• Parrish, Michael E.. Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920–1941. New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1992. ISBN 0-393-03394-5. 
• Sullivan, Mark. Our Times, 1900–1925: Volume IV – The Twenties, 1st, New York and London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. 
• Teal, Kimberly Hannon (2021-06-15), „Jazz Places: How Performance Spaces Shape Jazz History“, Jazz Places (inglizcha), University of California Press, doi:10.1525/9780520972841, ISBN 978-0-520-97284-1, qaraldi: 2024-04-25

Havolalar

• The Jazz Age In America
• Roaring Twenties from U S History.com