Birinchi Togʻli Qorabogʻ urushi

Togʻli Qorabogʻ urushi lavhalari

Birinchi Togʻli Qorabogʻ urushi etnik va hududiy mojaro boʻlib, 1988-yil fevraldan 1994-yil mayigacha janubi-gʻarbiy Ozarbayjondagi Togʻli Qorabogʻ anklavida Togʻli Qorabogʻning koʻpchilikni tashkil etuvchi etnik armanlari (ularni Armaniston qoʻllab-quvvatlagan) bilan Ozarbayjon Respublikasi (uni esa Turkiya qoʻllab-quvvatlagan) oʻrtasida yuz bergan. Urush choʻzilgan sari, sobiq Sovet respublikalari boʻlgan Armaniston va Ozarbayjon Togʻli Qorabogʻning togʻli hududlarida uzoq davom etgan, eʼlon qilinmagan togʻli urushga tortilib bordi, Ozarbayjon esa Qorabogʻ harakatini jilovlashga urindi.

Anklav parlamenti Armaniston bilan birlashish tarafdori boʻlib ovoz berdi va Togʻli Qorabogʻning ozarbayjonlik aholisi boykot qilgan referendum oʻtkazildi; unda 82,2% ishtirok etish darajasida 99,89% mustaqillik tarafdori boʻlib ovoz berdi. Armaniston bilan birlashish talabi 1988-yilda nisbatan tinch shaklda boshlandi; keyingi oylar davomida Sovet Ittifoqi parchalangan sari u asta-sekin armanlar va ozarbayjonliklar oʻrtasidagi tobora zoʻravonlashib borayotgan mojaroga aylandi va buning natijasida etnik tozalash sodir boʻldi, jumladan armanlarga qarshi yoʻnaltirilgan Sumgait (1988) va Boku (1990) pogromlari, shuningdek ozarbayjonliklarga qarshi yoʻnaltirilgan Gugark pogromi (1988) va Xoʻjali qirgʻini (1992).

Ikkala xalq oʻrtasidagi etnikaro toʻqnashuvlar Ozarbayjondagi Togʻli Qorabogʻ avtonom viloyati (TQAV) parlamenti 1988-yil 20-fevralda mintaqani Armaniston bilan birlashtirish uchun ovoz berganidan koʻp oʻtmay boshlandi. Ozarbayjondan ajralib chiqish haqidagi deklaratsiya hududiy mojaroning kulminatsiyasi boʻldi. Ozarbayjon Sovet Ittifoqidan mustaqilligini eʼlon qilib, anklav hukumatiga tegishli vakolatlarni bekor qilganidan soʻng, arman koʻpchiligi Ozarbayjondan ajralib chiqish uchun ovoz berdi va shu jarayonda xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan Togʻli Qorabogʻ Respublikasini eʼlon qildi.

Toʻliq miqyosli janglar 1992-yil boshida avj oldi. Turkiya Ozarbayjon tomonida jang qilish uchun yollanma askarlarni yubordi va gumanitar yordamni ham oʻz ichiga olgan holda Armanistonga barcha quruqlik yoʻllarini blokadaga oldi. Yevropada xavfsizlik va hamkorlik boʻyicha kengash (YXHK)ni ham oʻz ichiga olgan qator guruhlarning xalqaro vositachiligi tomonlar ishlashi mumkin boʻlgan yakuniy yechimga olib kelolmadi. 1993-yil boshida arman kuchlari anklavning oʻzidan tashqaridagi yettita ozarbayjonlar koʻpchilikni tashkil etuvchi tumanni egallab oldi va bu mintaqadagi boshqa davlatlarning aralashuvi xavfini tugʻdirdi. 1994-yilda urush yakuniga kelib, armanlar anklavni, shuningdek atrofdagi ozarbayjon hududlarini, eng avvalo Togʻli Qorabogʻni materik Armaniston bilan bogʻlovchi togʻ oʻtish yoʻlagi — Lachin dovonini toʻliq nazoratiga olgan edi. 1994-yil may oyida Rossiya vositachiligida sulh imzolandi.

Mojaro natijasida taxminan 724 ming nafar ozarbayjonlik Armaniston, Togʻli Qorabogʻ va atrofdagi hududlardan quvgʻin qilindi, shu bilan birga Ozarbayjonda yoki Armanistonga chegaradosh hududlarda yashagan 300 000–500 000 nafar armanlar oʻz uylaridan koʻchirildi. Urush tugaganidan soʻng va koʻp yillar davomida Armaniston va Ozarbayjon oʻrtasidagi muntazam tinchlik muzokaralarini YEHXB Minsk guruhi vositachiligida oʻtkazdi, biroq ular tinchlik shartnomasiga olib kelmadi. Natijada Togʻli Qorabogʻ hududi huquqiy noaniqlik holatida qoldi, Artsax Respublikasi esa xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan boʻlsa-da, de-fakto mustaqil boʻlib qoldi. Davom etayotgan tangliklar saqlanib qoldi va vaqti-vaqti bilan qurolli toʻqnashuvlar yuz berib turdi. Arman harbiy kuchlari 2020-yildagi Ikkinchi Togʻli Qorabogʻ urushigacha anklavdan tashqaridagi Ozarbayjon hududining taxminan 9%ini bosib turgan edi.

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Havolalar

• Dr. Laurence BROERS: „There wonʼt be Armenian-Azerbaijani Dayton*“ (Wayback Machine saytida 27 July 2020 sanasida arxivlangan) — Kavkaz jurnali uchun intervyu
• Articles and Photography on Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh — War and its Legacy, from Russell Pollard UK Photojournalist
• Information Site about Nagorno-Karabakh, history and background of the present-day conflict, maps and resolutions
• Crisis Briefing Nagorno-Karabakh (Wayback Machine saytida 9 September 2009 sanasida arxivlangan) From Reuters Alertnet (Wayback Machine saytida 11 March 2009 sanasida arxivlangan)
• A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh minalarni taqiqlash boʻyicha xalqaro kampaniya tomonidan tuzilgan report
• A chronology of the events of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to Present „Ozodlik“ radiosi
• Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh BBC tomonidan mintaqa sharhi
• A Story of People in War and Peace: Preview YouTubeda — 2007-yilda Nyu-Yorkdagi Tribeca kinofestivalida eng yaxshi yangi hujjatli kinorejissyor uchun mukofotni qoʻlga kiritgan armanistonlik Vardan Ovannisyanning Togʻli Qorabogʻ mojarosi haqidagi hujjatli filmi.
• BBC News, Regions and Territories- Nagorno-Karabakh