Usmonli imperiyasining yuksalishi
Usmonli imperiyasining yuksalish davri — taxminan 1299-yilda Usmonli beyligining (usmonli turkcha: Osmanlı Beyliği) vujudga kelishi bilan boshlangan va 1453-yilgacha davom etgan tarixiy davrdir. Bu davrda Shimoliy-g‘arbiy Anadolu hududidagi Bifiniya mintaqasida Usmoniylar sulolasi tomonidan boshqarilgan siyosiy tuzilma shakllandi hamda Vizantiya imperiyasi chegarasidagi kichik beylikdan Bolqonlar, Kavkaz, Anadolu, Yaqin Sharq va Shimoliy Afrikani qamrab olgan qudratli imperiyaga aylandi. Shu sababli, Usmonli imperiyasi tarixining bu bosqichi “proto-imperiya davri” deb ham ta’riflanadi[1]. Ushbu davrning katta qismida usmonlilar mintaqadagi ko‘plab raqobatchi davlatlardan biri bo‘lib, o‘z hududlari ustidan nazoratni saqlab qolish uchun mahalliy harbiy yetakchilar (g‘oziylar) va qaram hokimlar (beylar) ko‘magiga tayanganlar. XV asr o‘rtalariga kelib, Usmonli sultonlari yetarli darajada shaxsiy hokimiyat va siyosiy nufuzni jamlay oldilar va natijada markazlashgan imperiyaviy davlat barpo etildi. Bu jarayon Sulton Mehmed II (1451–1481-yillar hukmronligi) davrida amalga oshirildi[2]. 1453-yilda Konstantinopolning zabt etilishi Usmonli davlati kichik beylikdan to‘laqonli imperiyaga aylanganini ramziy jihatdan ifodalovchi voqea sifatida qaraladi va imperiya tarixidagi muqim burilish nuqtasi hisoblanadi[3].
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Usmonlilar muvaffaqiyatining sabablarini bitta omil bilan izohlab bo‘lmaydi, chunki bu omillar vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarib borgan va usmonlilar doimo o‘zgarib turuvchi sharoitlarga moslashib kelganlar[4]. Ushbu davrning dastlabki bosqichi, ya’ni XIV asr, manbalar kamligi sababli tarixchilar uchun ayniqsa murakkab hisoblanadi. Usmon I hukmronligi davridan birorta ham yozma hujjat saqlanib qolmagan, asrning qolgan qismiga oid manbalar ham juda kam[5]. Bundan tashqari, usmonlilar o‘z tarixlarini yozib qoldirishni faqat XV asrda, ya’ni tasvirlangan voqealardan qariyb yuz yildan ortiq vaqt o‘tgach boshlaganlar[6]. Shu bois keyingi davr solnomalarida keltirilgan rivoyatlar va voqealarni tahlil qilishda haqiqat bilan afsonani ajratib olish tarixchilar uchun katta qiyinchilik tug‘diradi[7]. Hatto ayrim tarixchilar Usmonli tarixining eng ilk davrini “qora tuynuk” deb atab, uni to‘liq aniqlash deyarli imkonsiz ekanini ta’kidlaganlar[8].
Manbalar
- ↑ Murphey, Rhoads. Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400–1800. Continuum, 2008 — 41-bet. ISBN 978-1-84725-220-3.
- ↑ Murphey, Rhoads. Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400–1800. Continuum, 2008 — 41–43-bet. ISBN 978-1-84725-220-3.
- ↑ Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995 — 120-bet.
- ↑ Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995 — 120-bet.
- ↑ Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995 — xii-bet. „There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of ʿOs̱mān, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.“
- ↑ Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State, 1995 — 93-bet.
- ↑ Finkel, Caroline. Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. Basic Books, 2005 — 6-bet. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7. „Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty“
- ↑ Imber, Colin. The Ottoman Emirate (1300–1389) Elizabeth Zachariadou: . Crete University Press, 1991 — 75-bet. „Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.“