Nusratiy
Muhammad Nusrat (1674-yilda vafot etgan), Nusratī („gʻolib“)[1]. nomi bilan tanilgan, Dakani urdu shoiri edi[2].
Hayoti
Nusrat Karnatik mintaqasida braxman kelib chiqishli elita musulmon oilasida tugʻilgan[3]. U Bijapurga koʻchib oʻtishidan avval soʻfiy darvesh sifatida yashagan[2]. U yerda u Adilshohiy sulolasining sultoni Ali II (h. 1656–1672) xizmatida mansabdor etib tayinlangan[4]. Uning Ali-noma (tax. 1665) dostoni uchun u saroy shoiri (malik al-shuʿaro) unvoniga sazovor boʻlgan[5]. U keksalik chogʻida 1674[6] yoki 1683-yilda[7] vafot etgan.
Asarlari
Nusratiy oʻz asarlarini urduning Dakani lahjasida va fors tilida yozgan[8]. Uning sheʼriyatida qadimgi leksika va murakkab uslubdan foydalaniladi[2]. U qasida, gʻazal va ayniqsa masnaviy janrlarining yirik namoyandasi boʻlgan[9]. Uning ilk asarlaridan biri boʻlgan Miʿraj-noma sulton Muhammad Odilshoh (h. 1627–1656) uchun yozilgan[10].
Uning eng original asari Ali-noma boʻlib, unda Ali II ning Boburiylar va Maratxalarga qarshi urushlari epik tarzda madh etilgan[11]. Bu Dakani tilida hukmdor madhiga bagʻishlangan eng qadimgi panegirik asardir[4]. Nusratiyning oʻzi bu asar bilan yangi sheʼriy shaklni ixtiro qilganini, bu „urduda oʻz turidagi yagona narsa“ ekanini taʼkidlaydi[12]. U forscha Shohnoma namunasi asosida yaratilgan[13]. Grahame Bailey uni Bijapurda yozilgan eng buyuk doston deb ataydi[10].
Nusratiyning oxirgi dostoni, xuddi shunday ruhda yozilgan Tarix-i Sikandari (Tarix-i Bahlol Xoni deb ham ataladi) boʻlib, unda Bahlol Xonning 1672-yildagi Umrani jangida Shivaji ustidan qozongan gʻalabasi madh etiladi. U Ali IIning vorisi Sikandar uchun yozilgan[14]. Bijapur qudratining choʻqqisida yozilgan Ali-nomadan farqli oʻlaroq, bu asar „asosan qaygʻuli ohangda“ yozilgan[12]. Nusratiyning boshqa asarlari qatorida Gulshan-i ʿishq (1658), qasidalar toʻplami va lirik toʻplam Guldasta-yi ʿishq ham bor[15]. Gulshan-i ʿishq juda anʼanaviy ishqiy doston hisoblanadi[16].
Manbalar
- ↑ Saksena 1990, ss. 39–40. Uning taxallusi "Naṣrat(ī) shaklida ham tilga olinadi.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Haywood 1995.
- ↑ Haywood 1995; Zaidi 1993, ss. 42–43.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Saksena 1990, ss. 39–40.
- ↑ Haywood 1995; Sharma 2020, s. 409; Saksena 1990, ss. 39–40.
- ↑ Naim 2017; Sharma 2020, s. 402.
- ↑ Bailey 1932, ss. 28–29, Zaidi 1993, ss. 42–43 maʼlumotiga koʻra, u Bijapur qulashi (1686)dan soʻng vafot etgan va sulton Avrangzeb tomonidan taqdirlangan.
- ↑ Sharma 2020, s. 402; Saksena 1990, ss. 39–40.
- ↑ Naim 2017; Haywood 1995.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Bailey 1932, ss. 28–29.
- ↑ Haywood 1995; Sharma 2020, s. 409; Dayal 2020, s. 428.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 Sadiq 1995, ss. 55–56.
- ↑ Zaidi 1993, ss. 42–43.
- ↑ Dayal 2020, s. 428.
- ↑ Haywood 1995; Sharma 2020, s. 409; Bailey 1932, ss. 28–29.
- ↑ Sadiq 1995, ss. 55–56; Bailey 1932, ss. 28–29.
Adabiyotlar
- Bailey, Thomas Grahame. A History of Urdu Literature. Oxford University Press, 1932.
- Dayal, Subah „On Heroes and History: Responding to the Shahnama in the Deccan, 1500–1800“, . Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press, 2020 — 421–446-bet. ISBN 978-0-253-04894-3.
- Haywood, J. A. (1995). "Nuṣratī". in Bosworth, C. E.. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam (2nd nashri). Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 154. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6004. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3. https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.q=Nu%E1%B9%A3rat%C4%AB&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&search-go=Search.
- Naim, C. M. (2017). "Urdu Poetry". in Greene, Roland. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4th nashri). Princeton University Press.
- Sadiq, Muhammad. A History of Urdu Literature, 2nd, Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-563145-6.
- Saksena, Ram Babu. A History of Urdu Literature. Asian Educational Services, 1990. ISBN 978-81-206-0616-6.
- Sharma, Sunil „Forging a Canon of Dakhni Literature: Translations and Retellings from Persian“, . Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press, 2020 — 401–420-bet. ISBN 978-0-253-04894-3.
- Zaidi, Ali Jawad. A History of Urdu Literature. Sahitya Akademi, 1993. ISBN 978-81-7201-291-5.
- Nusrati: The Poet-Laureate of Bijapur (A Critical Study of his Life and Works) (ur) Abdul Haq: . Yangi Dehli: Anjuman-e-Taraqqi-e-Urdu, n.d..
- Haidar, Navina Najat „Gulshan-I ‘Ishq: Sufi Romance of the Deccan“, . The Visual World of Muslim India: The Art, Culture and Society of the Deccan in the Early Modern Era. London: I. B. Tauris, 2014 — 295–318-bet. ISBN 978-0-7556-0561-3. OCLC 1128174855.