Muhosir

Muhajir — Usmonli imperiyasi parchalana boshlagan davrdan keyin Yevropa hududlaridan ko‘chib kelgan musulmon Usmonli fuqarolari hamda ularning avlodlariga nisbatan qo‘llaniladigan atamadir. Muhajirlar asosan o‘zlarini musulmon sifatida tanitgan bo‘lib, ularning umumiy soni millionlab deb baholanadi^[1]^[2]. Makedoniya, Bolgariya va Serbiyaning ayrim hududlaridan kelgan qochqinlarning asosiy qismi Anado‘lu turklari kelib chiqishiga ega bo‘lgan^[2]. Shuningdek, ular orasida albanlar, bosniyaklar, chechenlar^[3], cherkeslar, qrim tatarlari, pomaklar, makedoniyalik musulmonlar, yunon musulmonlari, serb musulmonlari^[4], gruzin musulmonlari^[5], osetin musulmonlari^[6] hamda musulmon lo‘lilar (roma xalqi) ham bo‘lgan^[7].

1912-yilda Istanbulga yetib kelgan muhojirlar Usmonli imperiyasining Galata ko'prigidan o'tib, orqa fonda Yangi masjid joylashgan.

Manbalar

↑ Fábos 2005, s. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'"
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Karpat 2001, s. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."
↑ Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995 — 69, 133-bet. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3.
↑ Pekesen, Berna „Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans“ (2012-yil 7-mart).
↑ Sanikidze, George (2018-04-01). "Muslim Communities of Georgia: Old Problems and New Challenges". Islamophobia Studies Journal 4 (2): 247–265. doi:10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0247. ISSN 2325-8381.
↑ Giorgi Chochiev, “Evolution of a North Caucasian Community in Late Ottoman and Republican Turkey: The Case of Anatolian Ossetians,” in Anthony Gorman and Sossie Kasbarian, eds., Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community, Edinburgh, p. 106.
↑ „Unutulan Mübadil Romanlar: 'Toprağın kovduğu insanlar'“ [Forgotten Exchanged Novels: 'People driven out by the land'] (tr) (2021-yil 7-fevral). 2021-yil 31-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-yanvar.

Tashqi havolalar

Aholi almashinuvi muzeyi(Wayback Machine saytida 2016-03-08 sanasida arxivlangan)

[Fábos_2005_p437-1] Fábos 2005, s. 437: "Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, 'only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land ... Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease' (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of 'Muslim migration.'"

[Karpat_2001_p343-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Karpat 2001, s. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."

[Swietochowski_Borderland-3] Swietochowski, Tadeusz. Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. Columbia University Press, 1995 — 69, 133-bet. ISBN 978-0-231-07068-3.

[4] Pekesen, Berna „Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans“ (2012-yil 7-mart).

[5] Sanikidze, George (2018-04-01). "Muslim Communities of Georgia: Old Problems and New Challenges". Islamophobia Studies Journal 4 (2): 247–265. doi:10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0247. ISSN 2325-8381.

[6] Giorgi Chochiev, “Evolution of a North Caucasian Community in Late Ottoman and Republican Turkey: The Case of Anatolian Ossetians,” in Anthony Gorman and Sossie Kasbarian, eds., Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community, Edinburgh, p. 106.

[7] „Unutulan Mübadil Romanlar: 'Toprağın kovduğu insanlar'“ [Forgotten Exchanged Novels: 'People driven out by the land'] (tr) (2021-yil 7-fevral). 2021-yil 31-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-yanvar.

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