Maitrī
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Maitrī (sanskritcha: मैत्री; Pali: mettā) – bu sanskritcha va palicha soʻz boʻlib, xayrixohlik[1], sevgi va mehribonlik[2][3][4][5][6][7], doʻstlik[7][8], samimiylik[8], yaxshi niyat[9] va boshqalarga kuchli qiziqish[8] kabi maʼnolarni anglatadi. Bu – toʻrt ilohiy holatning (Brahmavihāra) birinchisi va Teravada budda maktablaridagi oʻnta pāramīdan biridir.
Mehribonlik (mettā bhāvanā)ni rivojlantirish – buddaviy meditatsiyaning mashhur shakllaridan biri hisoblanadi[10]. Bu meditatsiya toʻrt oʻlchovsiz holat (brahmavihāra) tarkibiga kiradi[10]. Metta koʻpincha „rahm-shafqat meditatsiyasi“ sifatida Osiyo mamlakatlarida amaliyotga tatbiq etiladi; bu yerda rohiblar uni xalq uchun ovoz chiqarib, xonish shaklida bajaradilar.
Mettaning rahm-shafqat va universallikdagi mehribonlik tushunchasi Metta Suttada keng yoritilgan boʻlib, u Hind dinlaridan – yaʼni Hinduzm va Jaynizmda ham uchraydi: sanskritda maitri va palicha metta shaklida[11].
Baʼzi kichik hajmdagi tadqiqotlar sevgi va xayrixohlik meditatsiyasining bemorlarga foydasi boʻlishi mumkinligini koʻrsatgan[12][13]. Biroq, ilmiy sharhlarda bu tadqiqotlarning sifat va namunalar hajmi tanqid ostiga olingan[14][15].
Etimologiyasi va maʼnosi
Mettā – bu palicha soʻz boʻlib, sanskrit tilidagi maitrī soʻzidan olingan, u esa oʻz navbatida mitra soʻzidan kelib chiqqan. Monier Monier-Williamsning soʻzlariga koʻra, mitra soʻzi „doʻst“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi[16]. Bu atama Shatapatha Brahmana, ayrim Upanishadlar va Vedanga adabiyotlarida, jumladan Pāṇinining Aṣṭādhyāyī asarida (5.4.36) ham uchraydi[17][16]. Bu tushuncha buddaviylik matnlarida muhim gʻoya va amaliyot sifatida tez-tez tilga olinadi[17].
Buswell, Lopez hamda Harvey mettā atamasini „mehribonlik“ yoki „xayrixohlik“ deb tarjima qiladilar[18][10]: 327 . Buddaviy eʼtiqodga koʻra, bu – Brahmavihara (ilohiy holat) boʻlib, oʻzida cheksiz xayrixohlikni mujassam etadi. U yomon niyatga qarshi meditatsion holatga olib boradi. Bu holat orqali inson salbiy ruhiy kechinmalarga bogʻlanishni tark etib, barcha mavjudotlarga nisbatan xayrixohlikni oʻzida rivojlantiradi[10]: 327 .
Mettāning „uzoq dushmani“ – bu nafrat yoki yomon niyat boʻlib, u unga qarama-qarshidir. „Yaqin dushmani“ esa (yaʼni koʻrinishidan oʻxshash, ammo aslida mohiyatan zid) – bu ochkoʻzlikdir: bunda inson maʼlum fazilatlarni yaxshi koʻradi, lekin notoʻgʻri sabablar bilan yaxshi koʻradi[19][20].
Manbalar
- ↑ In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005 — 90, 131, 134-bet. ISBN 0-86171-491-1.
- ↑ Gethin, Rupert. The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 — 26, 30, passim-bet. ISBN 0-19-289223-1.
- ↑ Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 — 247–48-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-31333-9.
- ↑ The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2001 — 120, 374, 474, passim-bet. ISBN 0-86171-072-X.
- ↑ Salzberg, Sharon. Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness. Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1995 — passim-bet. ISBN 1-57062-176-4.
- ↑ The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 1995 — 194-bet. ISBN 0-86171-103-3. }}
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Warder, A. K.. Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2004 — 63, 94-bet. ISBN 81-208-1741-9.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 „Mettā“, The Pali Text Society's Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society, 1921–25 — 540-bet. Qaraldi: 2008-yil 29-aprel.
- ↑ Gombrich, Richard. Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press, 2012 — 318–319-bet. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4.
- ↑ Dunne, Finley P.. The World Religions Speak on "The Relevance of Religion in the Modern World". Springer, 2013 — 94–95-bet. ISBN 978-94-017-5892-5.
- ↑ Zeng, Xianglong; Chiu, Cleo P. K.; Wang, Rong; Oei, Tian P. S.; Leung, Freedom Y. K. (2015). "The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review". Frontiers in Psychology 6: 1693. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693. PMID 26579061. PMC 4630307. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4630307.
- ↑ Hofmann, Stefan G.; Petrocchi, Nicola; Steinberg, James; Lin, Muyu; Arimitsu, Kohki; Kind, Shelley; Mendes, Adriana; Stangier, Ulrich (2015-06-02). "Loving-Kindness Meditation to Target Affect in Mood Disorders: A Proof-of-Concept Study" (en). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015: 269126. doi:10.1155/2015/269126. ISSN 1741-427X. PMID 26136807. PMC 4468348. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4468348.
- ↑ Galante, Julieta; Galante, Ignacio; Bekkers, Marie-Jet; Gallacher, John (2014). "Effect of kindness-based meditation on health and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis.". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 82 (6): 1101–1114. doi:10.1037/a0037249. ISSN 1939-2117. PMID 24979314. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0037249.
- ↑ Bishop, S.R. (2002). "What do we really know about mindfulness-based stress reduction?". Psychosom Med 64 (1): 71–83. doi:10.1097/00006842-200201000-00010. PMID 11818588.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Monier-Williams, Monier „Mitra, Maitrī“, . A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956 — 816 & 834-bet.
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Rhys Davids, Thomas William; Stede, William. Pali-English Dictionary. London: The Pali Text Society, 1952 — 164–165-bet. ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7.
- ↑ Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. „pāramitā“, . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press, 2013 — 624-bet. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8.
- ↑ Buddhagosha, Bhadantācariya. Vishudimagga: The Path of Purification. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 2010.
- ↑ „Dhamma Lists“. Insight Meditation Center.
Adabiyotlar
- Acharya Buddharakkhita (trans.) (1987/2006). "Kakacupama Sutta: The Parable of the Saw (excerpt)" from Positive Response: How to Meet Evil With Good (Bodhi Leaves No. 109). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society (1987). Retrieved from "Access to Insight" (2006) at Kakacupama Sutta: The Parable of the Saw.
- Amaravati Sangha (trans.) (1994, 2004). "Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Buddha's Words on Loving-Kindness" from Chanting Book: Morning and Evening Puja and Reflections (1994). Hemel Hempstead: Amaravati Publications. Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" (2004) at Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Buddha's Words on Loving-Kindness.
- Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005). In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-491-1.
- Buddhaghosa, Bhadantacariya & Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli (trans.) (1999). The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. ISBN 1-928706-00-2.
- Gethin, Rupert (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-289223-1.
- Gombrich, Richard (1988; reprinted 2002). Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo. Routledge: London. ISBN 0-415-07585-8.
- Harvey, Peter (2007). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31333-3.
- Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-04-29 from "Cologne University" at MW Scan.
- Ñanamoli Thera (ed., trans.) (1987/1994). The Practice of Loving-Kindness (Metta): As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon (The Wheel No. 7). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society (1987). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" (1994 transcription) at The Practice of Loving-Kindness (Metta): As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon.
- Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bhikkhu Bodhi (ed.) (2001). The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-072-X.
- Ñanamoli Thera (trans.) & Bhikkhu Khantipalo (ed.) (1993/1994). Saleyyaka Sutta: The Brahmans of Sala (MN 41). Retrieved 2007-12-23 from "Access to Insight" (1994 transcription) at Saleyyaka Sutta: The Brahmans of Sala.
- Nyanaponika Thera (trans.) (1988/1998). "Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth" (MN 7) from The Simile of the Cloth & the Discourse on Effacement (Wheel No. 61). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society (1988). Retrieved 2007-12-03 from "Access to Insight" (1998) at Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth.
- Nyanaponika Thera & Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans.) (1999). Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An anthology of Suttas from the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 0-7425-0405-0.
- Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F. ([1900], 2003). Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original Pāli, of the First Book of the Abhidhamma-Piṭaka, entitled Dhamma-Sangaṇi (Compendium of States or Phenomena). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-4702-9.
- Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society's Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
- Salzberg, Sharon (1995). Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness. Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN 1-57062-176-4.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). Raja Sutta: The King (Ud. 5.1). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" at Rājan Sutta: The King.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta: To Cunda the Silversmith (AN 10.176). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" at Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta: To Cunda the Silversmith.
- Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Good Will (AN 11.16). Retrieved 2010-07-07 from "Access to Insight" at Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Good Will.
- Trungpa, Chögyam (1993). Training the Mind & Cultivating Loving-Kindness. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-954-4.
- Upatissa, Arahant, N.R.M. Ehara (trans.), Soma Thera (trans.) and Kheminda Thera (trans.) (1995). The Path of Freedom (Vimuttimagga). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. ISBN 955-24-0054-6.
- Walshe, Maurice (1995). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-103-3.
- Warder, A. K. (1970; reprinted 2004). Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi. ISBN 81-208-1741-9.