Kontent qismiga oʻtish

Dastlabki Yer

ZiyoSfera, erkin ensiklopediya
Dastlabki Yer yuzasining rassom talqini
Dastlabki Yer (Gaia) va Theia (sayyora) o‘rtasidagi ulkan to‘qnashuv gipotezasi tasvirining rassomona talqini

Dastlabki Yer, yoki Proto-Yer, odatda, Yerning geologik tarixidagi birinchi bir milliard yili — yaʼni gigayil (109 y yoki Ga) — davri sifatida taʼriflanadi[1], Quyosh tizimining yosh davrida, taxminan 4.55 milliard yil (Gya) oldida boshlangan dastlabki shakllanishidan tortib Eoarkean davrining oxiri, taxminan 3.5 Gya gacha[2]. Geologik vaqt jadvalida bu Hadean eonining butun davrini va Archean eonining taxminan uchdan bir qismini o'z ichiga oladi; Yerning shakllanishi taxminan 4.6 Gya boshlanganidan keyin[3] va bu davr Paleoarchean erasi boshlanishida, 3.6 Gya da tugadi.

Bu Yer tarixining davri sayyoraning Quyosh bulutchasidan akretsiya jarayoni orqali shakllanishi va Yer atmosferasining protoplanetariya diskdan yig'ilgan vodorod/geliyga boy birlamchi atmosferadan azot, metan va karbonat angidridga boy, kamaytiruvchi ikkilamchi atmosferaga o'zgarishini o'z ichiga oladi. Bu vaqt mobaynida yosh Proto-Yer (oʻsha paytda hozirgi Yer massasining taxminan 63% ga teng protoplanet), kosmik taʼsirlar bilan yuzma-yuz bo'ldi[4], va shu jumladan Oyning paydo boʻlishiga olib kelgan katta mogʻor zarbasi gipotеzasiga muvofiq Theia bilan toʻqnashuvni ham o'z ichiga oladi — Theia Mars kattaligida bo‘lgan, ehtimol L4 Lagranj nuqtasidan perturbatsiyalangan koinobardosh sayyora edi — bu taxminan Quyosh tizimi shakllanganidan soʻng 0.032 Ga atrofida sodir bo‘lganligi qayd etiladi[5], natijada magmatik okeanlar va sayyoraning differentsiyalashuvi (yadro shakllanishi) epizodlari yuzaga keldi[6][7],

Yadro shakllangach, tashqi Quyosh tizimidan kelgan meteoritlar yoki kometalar yer mantiyasiga, qobig'iga va qadimgi atmosferaga suv va boshqa bugʻlanuvchilarni yetkazgan bo‘lishi mumkin; bu jarayon "kech qoplama" bombardimoni sifatida ham taʼriflanadi[8],

Yerning sayyoraviy sirtining oxir- Hadean davrida barqarorlasha boshlashi bilan, atmosferadagi koʻp suv bugʻi kondensatsiyalandi va yogʻingarchilik orqali deyarli butun yuzani qamrab olgan superokeanga tushdi, shu bilan Hadean davridagi magmali sayyorani erta Archean davridagi okean sayyorasiga aylantirdi; shu davrda eng ilk maʼlum hayot shakllari keyingi davrlarda paydo boʻlgan deb hisoblanadi[9][10],

Ushbu davrdan juda oz miqdordagi qobiq materiallari saqlangan boʻlsa-da, eng qadimgi aniqlangan minerallar — 4.404 ± 0.008 Gya yoshdagi zirkon — Gʻarbiy Avstraliyadagi Jack Hills, Narryer Gneiss terrainsidagi metamorfizlangan qum-tosh konklogeratda topilgan[11]. Supracrustal jinslarning (masalan Isua yashil toshlar belbog‘i) eng qadimgilari ushbu davrning oxirgi yarmiga, taxminan 3.8 Gya ga taalluqlidir, bu Late Heavy Bombardmentning choʻqqi vaqti bilan bir vaqtda sodir boʻlgan.

Tarix

Radiometrik datalash va boshqa manbalar asosidagi dalillarga ko‘ra, Yer taxminan 4,54 milliard yil oldin shakllangan[12][13][14]. Hozirgi asosiy nazariyaga ko‘ra, Yer kabi sayyoralar taxminan 50–100 million yil davomida shakllanadi, biroq yaqinda taklif qilingan alternativ jarayonlar va vaqt o‘lchovlari sayyora fanlari sohasida davom etayotgan bahslarga sabab bo‘ldi[15]. Masalan, 2023-yil iyun oyida bir guruh olimlar Yer atigi uch million yil ichida shakllangan bo‘lishi mumkinligini ko‘rsatuvchi dalillarni taqdim etdi[16][15]. Shunga qaramay, Yer shakllanganidan keyingi birinchi milliard yil ichida[17][18][19][20], hayot okeanlarida paydo bo‘ldi va Yer atmosferasi hamda yuzasiga ta’sir qila boshladi, aerob va anaerob organizmlar rivojlanishiga turtki berdi. Shundan beri, Yernig Quyoshdan masofasi, fizik xususiyatlari va geologik tarixi uyg‘unligi tufayli hayot yuzaga kelishi, fotosintez rivojlanishi va keyinchalik evolyutsiya orqali yanada murakkablashib, rivojlanishi uchun imkon yaratdi. Yerdagi eng qadimgi hayot kamida 3,5 milliard yil oldin paydo bo‘lgan[21][22][23]. Hayotga oid bundan ham qadimiy ehtimoliy dalillar qatoriga 3,7 milliard yil avvalgi janubi-g‘arbiy Grenlandiyada topilgan metasediment jinslaridagi biogen kelib chiqishga ega bo‘lishi mumkin bo‘lgan grafit[24] va G‘arbiy Avstraliyada topilgan 4,1 milliard yillik zirkon donalari kiradi[25][26].

2020-yil noyabr oyida xalqaro olimlar guruhi dastlabki Yernig atmosferasi hayotning paydo bo‘lishini o‘rgangan Miller–Urey tajribalari asosida qilingan taxminlardan keskin farq qilishini ko‘rsatuvchi tadqiqotlarni e’lon qildi[27].

  • Hadean davrida lava sayyorasiga aylangan dastlabki Yerning rassomona tasviri
    Hadean davrida lava sayyorasiga aylangan dastlabki Yerning rassomona tasviri
  • A reconstruction of what the Earth may have looked like from space in the early Orosirian, 2 billion years ago, with red oceans due to a high concentration of oxygen, causing banded iron formations
    Arxey davridagi Yerning rassomona tasviri, unda apelsinrang atmosferaviy tuman ko‘rsatilgan bo‘lib, sayyoraning rivojlanish bosqichidagi ushbu ko‘rinishi 'och apelsinrang nuqta' sifatida ham tasvirlanadi[28][29].

Manbalar

  1. ↑ Rankama, Kalervo (May 1967). "Megayear and Gigayear: Two Units of Geological Time" (en). Nature 214 (5088): 634. doi:10.1038/214634a0. ISSN 1476-4687. https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1967-05-06_214_5088/page/634. 
  2. ↑ „Early Earth“, Earth System: History and Natural Variability Volume I Vaclav Cilek: . Eolss Publishers, 2009 — 98-bet. ISBN 978-1-84826-104-4. 
  3. ↑ ,„International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2015“. ICS. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 23-yanvar.
  4. ↑ Lammer, Helmut; Brasser, Ramon; Johansen, Anders; Scherf, Manuel; Leitzinger, Martin (2020-12-22). „Formation of Venus, Earth and Mars: Constrained by Isotopes“. Space Science Reviews. 217-jild, № 1. Springer Nature. doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00778-4. Qaraldi: 2025-08-24. {{cite magazine}}: Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (yordam)
  5. ↑ Belbruno, Edward; Gott, J. Richard III (March 2005). "Where Did The Moon Come From?". The Astronomical Journal (IOP Publishing, American Astronomical Society) 129 (3): 1724-1745. doi:10.1086/427539. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/427539/fulltext/. Qaraldi: 2025-08-10. Dastlabki Yer]]
  6. ↑ Yu, Gang; Jacobsen, Stein B. (2011-10-17). „Fast accretion of the Earth with a late Moon-forming giant impact“. PNAS. 108-jild, № 43. National Academy of Sciences. 17604–17609-bet. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108544108. Qaraldi: 2025-08-24.
  7. ↑ Carlson, Richard W.; Garnero, Edward; Harrison, T. Mark; Li, Jie; Manga, Michael; McDonough, William F.; Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy; Romanowicz, Barbara et al. (2014-01-01). "How Did Early Earth Become Our Modern World?". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 42 (1): 151–178. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055016. 
  8. ↑ Drake, Michael J.; Righter, Kevin (2002-03-07). "Determining the composition of the Earth" (en). Nature 416 (6876): 39–44. doi:10.1038/416039a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11882886. https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-03-07_416_6876/page/n60. 
  9. ↑ Dong, Junjie; Fischer, Rebecca A.; Stixrude, Lars P.; Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina R. (2021-03-09). „Constraining the Volume of Earth's Early Oceans With a Temperature-Dependent Mantle Water Storage Capacity Model“. AGU Advances. 2-jild, № 1. American Geophysical Union. e2020AV000323-bet. doi:10.1029/2020AV000323. Qaraldi: 2025-08-24.
  10. ↑ Korenaga, Jun (2018-10-01). „Crustal evolution and mantle dynamics through Earth history“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 376-jild, № 2132. Royal Society. 20170408-bet. doi:10.1098/rsta.2017.0408. eISSN 1471-2962. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 6189559. PMID 30275159. Qaraldi: 2025-08-24.
  11. ↑ Wilde, Simon A.; Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; Graham, Colin M. (2001-01-11). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago : Abstract : Nature". Nature 409 (6817): 175–178. doi:10.1038/35051550. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 11196637. https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2001-01-11_409_6817/page/175. 
  12. ↑ „Age of the Earth“. U.S. Geological Survey (1997). 2005-yil 23-dekabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-yanvar.
  13. ↑ Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Special Publications, Geological Society of London 190 (1): 205–221. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. 
  14. ↑ Manhesa, Gérard; Allègre, Claude J.; Dupréa, Bernard; Hamelin, Bruno (1980). "Lead isotope study of basic-ultrabasic layered complexes: Speculations about the age of the earth and primitive mantle characteristics". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 47 (3): 370–382. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(80)90024-2. https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-and-planetary-science-letters_1980-05_47_3/page/370. 
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Onyett, Isaac J. (14 June 2023). "Silicon isotope constraints on terrestrial planet accretion". Nature 619 (7970): 539–544. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06135-z. PMID 37316662. PMC 10356600. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=10356600. 
  16. ↑ Patel, Kasha. „Scientists have a controversial theory for how — and how fast — Earth formed“ (2023-yil 16-iyun). 2023-yil 17-iyunda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2023-yil 17-iyun.
  17. ↑ Dalrymple, G.B.. The Age of the Earth. California: Stanford University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-8047-1569-0. 
  18. ↑ Newman, William L. „Age of the Earth“. Publications Services, USGS (2007-yil 9-iyul). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 20-sentyabr.
  19. ↑ Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 190 (1): 205–21. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/190/1/205. Qaraldi: 2007-09-20. Dastlabki Yer]]
  20. ↑ Stassen, Chris „The Age of the Earth“. TalkOrigins Archive (2005-yil 10-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 30-dekabr.
  21. ↑ Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141–155.
  22. ↑ Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
  23. ↑ Hamilton Raven, Peter; Brooks Johnson, George. Biology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2002 — 68-bet. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 7-iyul. 
  24. ↑ Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience 7 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025. ISSN 1752-0894. 
  25. ↑ Borenstein, Seth. „Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth“. Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press (2015-yil 19-oktyabr). 2015-yil 23-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2015-yil 20-oktyabr.
  26. ↑ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark et al. (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (47): 14518–21. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMID 26483481. PMC 4664351. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf. Qaraldi: 2015-10-20. Dastlabki Yer]] Early edition, published online before print.
  27. ↑ Zurich, Eth. „Uncovering Mysteries of Earth's Primeval Atmosphere 4.5 Billion Years Ago and the Emergence of Life“ (2020-yil 29-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 30-noyabr.
  28. ↑ Arney, G. N.; Meadows, V. S.; Domagal-Goldman, S. D.; Claire, M.; Schwieterman, E. (2014). "The Pale Orange Dot: Spectral Effects of a Hazy Early Earth". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2014. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMPP53A1202A/abstract. 
  29. ↑ „NASA Team Looks to Ancient Earth First to Study Hazy Exoplanets - NASA“ (2017-yil 8-fevral). 
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