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Haqiqiy arilar

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Haqiqiy arilar

Vespula germanica
Binar nomi

(Latreille, 1802)
Kenja oilalar
Qazilma davri
125-0 Ma
Aptian – Recent 
Palaeovespa florissantia, so'nggi Eotsen (Eocene)

Haqiqiy arilar (Vespidae) yoki buklamaqanotli arilar — arilarning yirik (deyarli 5000 tur), xilma-xil va kosmopolit oilasi bo'lib, o'z ichiga deyarli barcha ma'lum evsosial (eusocial) arilarni (masalan, Polistes fuscatus, Vespa orientalis va Vespula germanica) hamda ko'plab yakkaxon arilarni (solitary wasps) oladi.[1] Har bir ijtimoiy ari koloniyasi (colony) bitta ona ari (queen) va unga nisbatan turli darajadagi bepushtlikka ega bo'lgan bir qancha urg'ochi ishchi arilarni o'z ichiga oladi. Mo'tadil iqlimdagi ijtimoiy turlarda koloniyalar odatda faqat bir yil yashaydi va qish boshlanishi bilan nobud bo'ladi. Yoz oxirida yangi ona arilar va erkak arilar (dronlar) yetishib chiqadi; urchishdan so'ng, ona arilar qishni yoriqlar yoki boshqa pana joylarda o'tkazadilar. Ko'pgina turlarning uyalari loydan quriladi, ammo polistinlar va vespinlar o'simlik tolalaridan foydalanadilar; ular tolalarni chaynab, o'ziga xos qog'oz hosil qiladilar (bu ba'zi stenogastrinlarga ham xosdir). Ko'pgina turlar chang tashuvchilar bo'lib, bir qancha o'simlilarning changlanishiga (pollination) hissa qo'shadi hamda potensial yoki hatto samarali changlatuvchilar hisoblanadi,[2] boshqalari esa zararkunanda hasharot turlarining yirtqichlari sifatida tanilgan, bir nechta turlar esa invaziv zararkunandalar (invasive pests) sanaladi.[3][4]

Polistinae va Vespinae kenja oilalari faqat evsosial turlardan iborat, Eumeninae, Euparagiinae, Gayellinae, Masarinae va Zethinae esa, bir nechta jamoaviy va subsosial turlarni hisobga olmaganda, butunlay yakkaxondirlar (solitary). Stenogastrinae fakultativ evsosial bo'lib, ularning uyalarida bir yoki bir nechta voyaga yetgan urg'ochilar bo'lishi mumkin; uya bir nechta urg'ochi (odatda ona va uning qizlari) tomonidan bo'lishilgan hollarda, reproduktiv mehnat taqsimoti va naslga hamkorlikda g'amxo'rlik qilish kuzatiladi.[5]

Polistinae va Vespinae'larda o'ljani to'g'ridan-to'g'ri iste'mol qilish o'rniga, u chaynaladi (premasticated) va lichinkalarga beriladi, lichinkalar esa buning evaziga voyaga yetganlar iste'mol qilishi uchun tiniq suyuqlik (yuqori aminokislota tarkibiga ega) ishlab chiqaradi; aminokislotalarning aniq tarkibi turlar orasida sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, ammo u voyaga yetganlarning oziqlanishiga jiddiy hissa qo'shishi aniqlangan.[6]

Qazilma qoldiqlari Ilk Bo'r davrining Apt (Aptian) yoshidan ma'lum bo'lib, Bo'r davri kahrabosidan bir nechta turlar tavsiflangan.[7]

Galereya

Manbalar

  1. ↑ Pickett, Kurt M.; Wenzel, John W. (2004). "Phylogenetic Analysis of the New World Polistes (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae) Using Morphology and Molecules". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77 (4): 742–760. doi:10.2317/E-18.1. https://archive.org/details/sim_kansas-entomological-society-journal_2004-10_77_4/page/742. 
  2. ↑ Sühs, R.B.; Somavilla, A.; Putzke, J.; Köhler, A. (2009). "Pollen vector wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biosciences 7 (2): 138–143. http://www.ufrgs.br/seerbio/ojs/index.php/rbb/article/view/1123. 
  3. ↑ Beggs, Jacqueline R., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Juan C. Corley, Marc Kenis, Maité Masciocchi, Franck Muller, Quentin Rome, and Claire Villemant. "Ecological effects and management of invasive alien Vespidae." BioControl 56 (2011): 505-526.
  4. ↑ Beggs, J. "The ecological consequences of social wasps (Vespula spp.) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource." Biological Conservation 99, no. 1 (2001): 17-28.
  5. ↑ PK Piekarski, JM Carpenter, AR Lemmon, E Moriarty-Lemmon, BJ Sharanowski. (2018) Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35:2097-2109. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy124
  6. ↑ Hunt, J.H.; Baker, I.; Baker, H.G. (1982). "Similarity of amino acids in nectar and larval saliva: the nutritional basis for trophallaxis in social wasps". Evolution 36 (6): 1318–22. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05501.x. PMID 28563573. https://archive.org/details/sim_evolution_1982-11_36_6/page/1318. 
  7. ↑ Perrard, Adrien; Grimaldi, David; Carpenter, James M. (April 2017). "Early lineages of Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Cretaceous amber: Vespidae in Cretaceous amber" (en). Systematic Entomology 42 (2): 379–386. doi:10.1111/syen.12222. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587206/file/article.pdf. 

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