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Haug, Robert (27 June 2019) (inglizcha) The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia, Bloomsbury Publishing, p. 65 ISBN: 978-1-78831-722-1. «"The collapse of the Hephthalite domains made neighbours of the Türk Khāqānate and the Sasanian Empire, both sharing a border that ran the length of the River Oxus. Further Turkish expansion to the west and around the Caspian Sea saw them dominate the western steppes and its people and extend this frontier down to the Caucasus where they also shared a border with the Sasanians. Khusrow is noted at the time for improving the fortifications on either side of the Caspian, Bāb al-Abwāb at Derbent and the Great Wall of Gorgān."»

Golden, Peter B (26 January 2011) (inglizcha) Central Asia in World History., Oxford University Press, p. 49 ISBN: 0199793174. «"The Türks created the First Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea."»

Roux, Jean-Paul (2 June 2000) (fransuzcha) ISBN 2213606722 Histoire des Turcs., Fayard ISBN: 2213606722. «"The Turkic Khaganate was a vast khaganate; from Manchuria and the Great Wall of China to the Black Sea."»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 73 «"Subject peoples such as the Alans and Onoğurs, who had resisted the “invincible might of the Türks,” another Byzantine envoy was informed in 576, were now also “numbered amongst our slaves.»

(inglizcha) (31 December 1996) History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization: A.D. 250 to 750., UNESCO Publishing ISBN: 978-92-3-103211-0. «"In 569–570, the Turks launched a great military offensive against the Sasanian Empire, and conquered the Hephthalite principalities south of the Oxus belonging to the Sasanian Empire (The Sasanians were powerless to resist because they were also engaged in war against Byzantium). It seems the Turks reached the Kabul–Gandhara area in 570."»

Golden, Peter B (26 January 2011) (inglizcha) Central Asia in World History., Oxford University Press ISBN: 0199793174. «"Khitans were subjects of Türks.In 916 Khitans former subjects of Türks found an empire"»

Haug, Robert (27 June 2019) (inglizcha) The Eastern Frontier: Limits of Empire in Late Antique and Early Medieval Central Asia, Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN: 978-1-78831-722-1. «"The people of the Caucasus who had come under under Turkish authority, namely the Abkhāz and Balanjar."»

Grousset, René (inglizcha) The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia., Rutgers University Press ISBN: 9780813513041. «"In 576 the Göktürks entered Crimea."»

(inglizcha) (2014) Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors., University of Hawaii Press ISBN: 9780824847890. «"Khitans were subject of Goktürks from 6th century."»

(inglizcha) (31 December 1996) History of civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization: A.D. 250 to 750., UNESCO Publishing ISBN: 978-92-3-103211-0. «"The taking of the city of Bosporus by the Türk army in the Crimea in these years was also designed to ensure control of the steppe Silk Route up tothe Black Sea."»

(inglizcha) (2005) Historical Development of the Pre-dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki ISBN: 9789521004988. «"Shiwei submitted to the Türks, under the control of the three Tutuns sent by the Turkic supreme leader, so did the Khitan who were controlled by the Tutun, Pandie, who was sent by the Turkic khaghan."»

(inglizcha) (1996) History of Humanity: From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D., UNESCO Publishing ISBN: 9789231028120. «"In 569–570, the Turks launched a great military campaign against the Sasanian Iran, and conquered the Hephthalite principalities south of the Oxus belonging to the Sasanian Empire."»

Grousset, René (1970) (inglizcha) The empire of the steppes : a history of central Asia, Rutgers University Press ISBN: 978-0-8135-1304-1. «"He sent a detachment of T'u-chüeh cavalry against the Byzantine settlements in Crimea ... Likewise, in 581 the T'u-chüeh were under the walls of Chersonesus"»

Osmonov, Oskon (2013) (ruscha) History of Kyrgyzstan (from ancient times to the present day), Mezghil, p. 49 ISBN: 9967-21-075-13. «"The map is shown in the book itself"»

Kurbanov, Aydogdy (2010) (inglizcha) The Hephthalites: Archaeological and Historical Analysis, Berlin Freie Universität, p. 184 «" The Turks finally defeated and destroyed the state of the Rourans, and became one of the strongest political entities in Central Asia. In the future the borders of the Turkic kaghanate would stretch from Korea to the Black Sea."»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 52−53 «"The Türks quickly put together an ethnically diverse state as was typical of steppe realms. The Tongdian reports that Muqan, Bumın’s son and successor, “in the west defeated the Rouran (Avars) and Hephthalites (Yeda). ln the east, he marched on the Qitan. He went to the north and subjugated the Qigu (Qırğız). All the countries beyond the borders of China submitted to him out of fear.” His lands extended from Liao-hai in the east to the Bei-hai (Baykal) in the north and the Western Sea (Xi hai) in the west. Both the Northern Zhou and the Northern Qi now sought marital alliances with him. The Türks brought under their sway the Tiele confederation, that included many of the Oğuric tribes in the Western Eurasian steppes, the Bayırqu, Ediz, Tarduš, Töliš and the powerful Toquz Oğuz confederation in the East. The latter included groupings such as the Uyğurs, Turkic-speakers who themselves constituted a substantial tribal union and the Basmıl, a people of possibly Oğuric speech, who would subsequently be led by a branch of the Ašina. The Tatar, Qitan and Tatabı (= the Qay, Chin.Xi), Mongolic peoples, and probably the Qurıqan, who were also part of the Tiele, submitted. Among the subject Turkic groupings were the Oğuz, Qarluqs and Qırğız, the latter recognized as having a Qağan (the imperial title) of their own. The Qarluq ruling house whose head bore the title of elteber (subject ruler) also appears to have come to be led by a house of Ašina origin.Subjects of the Türk also included the Az, Čik and İzgil who may have been Iranian, Uralic or of some other.»

Pohl, Walter (2018) (inglizcha) The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822, Cornell University Press,, p. 80 «"Soon, Turxanthus dispatched an army to the coast of the Black Sea, where together with Anagai’s Utigurs they conquered the Byzantine city of Bosporus/Kerch. The shad’s diatribe against the Byzantines had clearly served as pretext for this attack. Some years later the Turks appeared before Cherson, on the southern coast of the Crimea"»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 72 «"The Türks had established an empire that stretched across Eurasia, from the Crimea to Manchuria.»

Pohl, Walter (2018) (inglizcha) The Avars: A Steppe Empire in Central Europe, 567–822, Cornell University Press,, p. 85 «"He advised that they delay this undertaking, since the Turks were already encamped at Cherson in the Crimea."»

Sinor, Denis (1990) (inglizcha) The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volum 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 209 «"In 576 Türk troops stood in the town Bosporus in the Crimea, about 579 they were roaming near Cherson and towards the end of 584 (or in the frst half of 585) the Avar kaghan, encamped near Anchialus, was compelled to give up his successful campaign and to withdraw hurriedly towards Sirmium, having received a report, that his own country had been threatened by the attack of the Türks."»

Golden, Peter B. (1992) (inglizcha) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, Rutgers University Research Council, p. 130−131 «"with the threat of a Türk attack on Crimean Bosporos, a Byzantine holding. This seems to have already been taking place. Our source reports that Bwxavoç (Boqan?) was sent to reinforce the Türk forces under Anagai ( 'Avayatoç, chieftain of the Utigurs) conducting the siege. Bosporos fell to them ca. 579."»

Sinor, Denis (1990) (inglizcha) The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volum 1, Cambridge University Press, p. 304 «"Turxath was not content with making idle threats. At his instigation - if not on his outright order - Anagai, prince of the Utigurs, and a certain Bokhan, led Turk and allied troops in an invasion which in 576 captured the Byzantine city of Bosporus in the Crimea."»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 140−141 «"Still others, such as the Utigurs, remained in the Pontic steppes quickly falling under the sway of the Türks who gained control over the Caspo-Pontic steppes by the late 560s»

(inglizcha) (1986) The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume I: A–B., Leiden and New York: Brill, p. 354 «"The Alans who remained in their original area of settlement north of the Caucasus, came into contact and conflict with the Bulgars, the Gökturks, and the Khazars, who drove most of them from the plains and into the mountains."»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 140−141 «"The Türk era, for which our sources are regrettably reticent, is crucial to an understanding of the formation of the Turkic nomads of Western Eurasia. It was under the Türk aegis that the Khazar and Bulğar polities took form.»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 142 «"There is not an abundance of information on the Οgurs and Onοgurs. They and the Οgurs were conquered by the Avars and then the Türks. The Οgurs were probably placed under direct Türk control.»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 51 «"İstemi, established Türk power as far as the Pontic steppes and by 568, if not earlier, was in contact with Constantinople.»

Golden, Peter B (2011) (inglizcha) Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes., Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, p. 144 «"Türk conquest of the Western Eurasian steppes, marked an important stage in the political development of the Bulgar union. The T’ieh-lê revolt in 603 against Türk overlordship undoubtedly had ramifications in the West. Türk power may have been weakened here in the course of the revolt, perhaps allowing splinter dynasties of the ruling Türk house to carve out states for themselves. In any event, Türk power soon went into decline and the Avars apparently reasserted themselves in the Pontic steppes where the Bulgar union was concentrated. It was here that “Magna Bulgaria” took shape under Qubrat and in response to new conditions.»

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